F 499 
.C6 
C655 
Copy 1 




I 86i . 

Out of the Norths the loyal Nurth^ 

They came at the Chieftain s call ; 
On fields of flame in Freedom' s name 
They forced Rebellion s fall. 

Shoulder to shoulder they pressed along^ 
Thrilling the land with their marching song ; 
Strident the drum with its pulsing beat. 
Rhythmic the fall of the tramping feet ; 
Sinews of manhood under the blue^ 
Ready and eager ^ and fearless and true : 
Loyalty s tide, with resistless flow. 
Swept through the mists of the long ago. 



I 90 I . 

Slowly they come with throb of drum. 

The flag with its scars above ; 
In memory' s name the loyal flame 

They feed from the cruse of love. 

Shoulder to shoulder they come in view. 
Side by side in the dear old blue ; 
Halting and bent, and with faltering feet. 
Onward they plod through the cheering street ; 
Burdens of age under blouses of blue — 
Many the dead, and the living so few ! 
Loyalty's army, remnant of yore. 
Drifts towards the mists of the silent shore. 

William Russell Rose. 



WELCOME. 



THE best host stands in the doorway to meet the coming guests : 
in such a way alone can he show them truest honor. That 
is why, then, this welcome is put here on the very threshold 
of this book so that the old soldiers, some of whom, alas, come up 
the walk with a pathetic tread that brings tears to our eyes when we 
remember, may see how honestly glad Cleveland is to see them. Its 
welcome is general : the whole city shares in the reception of the 
veterans. The former comrades who marched and fought and suffered 
by their sides ; the staid business men whom they made prosperous 
by saving the Union ; those to whose families war brought death and 
grief and whose tears will fall afresh at this meeting ; and the school 
children whose study of national history will be made living hereafter 
by the presence of the soldiers who made it ; all join in the greeting. 
Cleveland is one great outstretched hand with all our hearts in its palm. 

Time, which often obscures valor, scales down consequences and 
deadens obligation, has worked the other way in this fair land of 
ours. Everything has magnified in the flight of years. Contrast 
with modern wars has shown how stupendous was the struggle ; how 
magnificent the sacrifices ; how colossal the heroism. All was on a 
gigantic scale. The skirmishes of those days would be the battles 
of this. A mere disaster then would be a crushing defeat in this year 
of our Lord 1901. 

" There were giants in those days." So many and so great that 
the deed had to be something phenomenal to stand out above the 
general bravery. Each Napoleonic soldier had a marshal's baton in 
his knapsack. Every private in the Union army was a potential 
commander. And how many rose to that grand estate from the ranks 
of the common soldier ! Had this country a reward of heroism, like 
England's Victoria Cross, Cleveland streets would see almost as many 
worn today as Grand Army buttons or Corps badges. The powers 
at Washington, however, were too busy in guiding, and the men at 
the front too much concerned in fighting. The nation was to be 
saved and the soldiers were there to do it. That was all. To be a 
hero was all in the day's duty. Besides, why single out a solitary act 



of bravery, when the comrades whose shoulders touched in the march 
today would duplicate or surpass it in the morrow's battle. 

As the appreciation of Union valor has thus grown through 
comparison and the truer perspective of time, so have the consequences 
of that bravery correspondingly multiplied. It is growing yet. It 
will continue to grow. Each year will emphasize it. Every step that 
the United States takes toward the front in the great procession of 
nations makes more apparent the widespread relations of the result. 
The growth of our commerce ; the aggression and victory of our 
manufactures the wide world over ; the acceptance, in some form or 
other, by foreign lands, of our great principle — the fellowship of 
man ; the deference paid to our diplomatic policies ; all these things 
and a hundred minor ones, almost as significant in their way, reveal 
how universally important was the solution of the question. The 
whole world would have been affected had that result been different. 
That apple tree at Appomattox is really greater in the transfiguration 
of earthly things than the oak of the Magna Charta. 

With all this, then, there has inevitably come a deeper, truer 
realization of national gratitude and individual obligation. There is 
not a person throughout the whole stretch of this country but has his 
honest share of this obligation. We are what we are, as man and 
country, because these brave men we welcome put patriotism above 
pelf, and held the future of the state far higher than their own. No 
one with imagination to call up what might have been but thanks 
God, deep in his heart, for our soldier guests today. 

Cleveland shows her obligation and her thankfulness openly and 
gladly. Behind the smile, the handclasp, the welcoming flutter of 
bunting, the decorations and illuminations, aye, even the festivities, 
there is but one thought : glory to God, gratitude to the saviors of 
the nation. It is expressed inadequately, of course, but it is there. 



* 



Officers of 
The Grand Army of the 



Republic. 



Commander-in-Chief, 

Leo Rassieur, 

St, Louis : 



Adjutant-General, 

F. M. Sterrett, 

St, Louis ; 

Ouartermaster-General, 

Charles Burrows, 

St. Louis ; 

Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, 

E. C. MiLLIKEN, 

Portland, Me, ; 

Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, 

Frank Seamon, 

Knoxville, Tenn. : 



Surgeon-General, 

John A, Wilkins, 

Delta, O. ; 

Chaplain-in-Chief, 

Rev. August Drahms, 

San Quentin, Cal. ; 

I nspector-General, 

Henry S. Peck, 

New Haven, Conn. ; 

Judge-Advocate-General, 

James H. Wolf, 

Boston ; 



Senior Aide-de-Camp and Chief of Staff, 

Edward N. Ketchum, 

Galveston, Texas. 



Citizens' Committee of One Hundred. 



J. G. W. Cowles, 
Luther Allen, 

A. T. Anderson, 
Herman C. Baehr, 
Webb C. Ball, 
Geo. C. Barnes, 
P. S. Beakel, 
John H. Blood, 
Louis Black, 

B. F. Bower, 
Arthur Bradley, 
R. E. Burdick, 
Theo, K. Burton, 
James Barnett, 
W. H. Canniff, 
Chas, W. Chase, 
Charles W. Chesnutt, 
W. R. Coates, 

W. T. Clark, 
J. W. Conger, 
Edgar Couch, 
F. A. Cress, 

E. W. Doty, 
William Downie, 
John Dunn, 

A. C. Dustin, 

C. C. Dewstoe, 
M. R. Dickey, 
Wm. A. Eckerman, 
H. C. Ellison, 

F. H. Eggers, 
F. A. Edmonds, 
E. W. Fisher, 



A. B. Foster, 
J. W. Francisco, 
Chas. Fries, 
James R. Garfield, 
W. H. Garlock, 
Geo. A. Garretson, 
H. D. Goulder, 
C. A. Grasseli, 
T. H. Graham, 
Sol Halle, 
J. B. Hanna, 
M. A. Hanna, 
C. D. Harrington, 
S. F. Haserot, 
James Hayr, 
M. T. Herrick, 
P. M. Hitchcock, 
L. E. Holden, 
James H. Hoyt, 
W. H. Hunt, 
O. J. Hodge, 
L. H. Jones, 
Emil Joseph, 
P. H. Kaiser, 
F. A. Kendall, 
C. K. Kennedy, 
W, A. Knowlton, 
Ira A. McCormack, 
L. A. McCreary, 
C. W. McCormick, 
T. D. McGilHcuddy, 
M. A. Marks, 
Ed. S. Meyer, 



John Meckes, 
W. J. Morgan, 
S. P. Mount, 
Chas. W. Maedje, 
O. L. Neff, 
G. E. Needham, 
W. H. Newman, 
Walter Norton, 
S. T. Paine, 

E. L. Patterson, 

F. H. Palmer, 
R. E. Paine, 
J. C. Roland, 
Felix Rosenberg, 
Thos. H. Rodgers, 
Ryerson Ritchie, 

J. B. Savage, 
E. J. Siller, 
Alva J. Smith, 
J. L. Smith, 
Louis Smithnight, 
A. L. Somers, 
O. M. Stafford, 
Abraham Stearn, 
Ambrose Swasey, 
Chas. F. Thwing, 
J. C. Trask, 
Geo. P. Welch, 
Thos. H. White, 
J. O. Winship, 
W. R. Woodford, 

G. H. Worthington, 
J. B. Zerbe. 




SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT. 




CLEVELAND 



OFFICIAL SOUVENIR 



OF TH E 



THIRTY-FIFTH 



NATIONAL 



ENCAMPMENT 



OF THE 



GRAND ARMY OF THE 



REPUBLIC 




September, 1901 



.CuCq.s'o' 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

SEP. 3 1901 

Copyright entry 
CLASS <i^XXc. Ns 



COPY 8. 



COPYRIGHT, I9OI, 
BY E. W. DOTY. 



CONTENTS. 



Poem — "1861-1901" .... 

Welcome ...... 

Officers of the Grand Army of the Republic 
Citizens' Committee of One Hundred 
History of the Grand Army of the Republic 
National Encampments .... 

Auxiliary Associations .... 

How the Work Was Done ... 
Standing Committees .... 

The Story of Cleveland ... 

Cleveland in the Civil War . 
Cleveland in Other Wars 
The Garfield Monument ... 

Cleveland's " Federal Plan " Government 
Cleveland's Schools and Colleges . 
Commercial Cleveland .... 

Cleveland's Libraries .... 

Iron Ore that is Golden 

The Building of Ships .... 

Hospitals and Charitable Institutions . 
Social Settlements ..... 

Cleveland's Chltrches .... 

The Homes of Cleveland 

The Clubs of Cleveland .... 

Cleveland's Park System 

Cities of the Dead ..... 



Ill 

V 

vli 
viii 

3 

10 

1 1 
18 
21 

31 

41 
47 
49 
52 
54 
59 

65 
66 

70 

72 

76 

77 
81 

86 

90 

96 




Copyrigbt, 1892, by Thomas Johnson. 



^y^Hyy^^xxi/y^ (k^C/^K-c-^"^ 




HISTORY OF THE GRAND ARMY OF 
THE REPUBLIC. 



THE Grand Army of the Republic is the brotherhood of battle. 
It was born of the everlaf:ting kinship of a common love of 
country, of dangers shared, of a mutual bravery, and of a 
united, unfaltering purpose. Such association, continued for years 
under the open sky and close to the great heart of nature, which robs 
man of his veneer and sets him in honest communion with his fel- 
lows, bred a clannishness of spirit that could not die when the war 
that developed it was over. It had in it, too, not only the leaven 
of life but of growth. It was planted in a single little tent. Today, 
it blossoms in a monster encampment. 

And it is a brotherhood of men as well as memories. The 
necessary distinctions of war were swept away when that war ended. 
All men are equal in its council and its work. They stand side by 
side, shoulder to shoulder, in that final march of life which ends only 
in the Eternal Bivouac. Privates jostle Generals ; all sorts and 
conditions of men are there ; even the President of the United 
States, himself, is in the ranks and glories in the fact. But no one is 
there who did not dedicate his life to his country in those black days, 
now happily past, or who has not since re-consecrated himself to the 
interests of the men who fought by nis side or the sorrowing widows 
and children they left behind. That is its purpose above all others : 
the material comfort, the honest, unstir ted sympathy of spirit for 
those who need it. Never before in the history of the order has its 




Leo Rassieur, 
Commander-in-Chief. 



influence been so great for this good 
or exercised with such wise discrimi- 
nation. 

In 1869 the following article was 
added to the rules and regulations : 
" No officer or comrade of the Grand 
Army of the Republic shall in any 
manner use this organization for parti- 
san purposes, and no discussion of 
partisan questions shall be permitted 
at any of its meetings, nor shall any 
nominations for political offices be 
made." Naturally, the evasion of 
this excellent rule bred dissensions, 
and out of them came disaster. The 
order which had been 240,000 strong 
in 1868 declined to 30,000 in 1871 
and it only gained a petty 1,000 mem- 
bers in the years that followed up to 1878. Wiser councils then pre- 
vailed and the order went back to its noble first principles with a love 
for them which chastening had multiplied and deepened. This return 
not only brought abundant internal prosperity, but it restored the 
Grand Army of the Republic to public confidence and favor. At no 
time in all its long history has it held the popular esteem so largely 
and so genuinely as today, and no organization in all the whole vast 
sweep of the country is welcomed more cordially, treated with such a 
universal kindness and remembered with such pleasure. 

The Grand Army of the Republic 
owes its existence to Major B. F. 
Stephenson and Chaplain W. J. Rut- 
ledge of the 14th Illinois Infantry. 
The war had made them tent-mates 
and under the canvas one night in 
February, 1 864, the grand idea came to 
them to form a society that would 
perpetuate the friendship and the valor 
of the war. They discussed it on 
the weary marches, in camp, as they 
lay on their arms waiting for battle, and 
the seriousness of these situations, 
which heightened their mutual reliance, 
emphasized, also, the beauty of an 
organization that would bring into the 
peaceful pursuits of life similar qualities 
of love and helpful cooperation. 

6 




E. C. MlLLIKEN, 

Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief. 




F. M. Sterrett, 
Adjutant General. 



They did not work out the proj- 
ect to their entire satisfaction while 
in service and after they were mustered 
out they kept in touch with each other 
on the subject through correspond- 
ence. Finally, in March, 1866, a 
meeting was held at Springfield, Illi- 
nois, at which this noble organization, 
unprecedented in the annals of his- 
tory, was given to the world. It is 
interesting to note the names of the 
founders. They were Col. John M. 
Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Major 
Robert M. Woods, Major Robert 
Allen, Chaplain William J. Rutledge, 
Col.Martin Flood, Col. Daniel Grass, 
Col. Edward Prince, Capt. John S. 
Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, 
Capt. B. F. Smith, Brevet Major A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. Howe 
and Lieut. R. F. Hawkes. At this meeting, a ritual was prepared and 
the members sworn to secrecy. Although the organization had its 
birth in Springfield, the first Post was organized in Decatur, 111., April 
6th, 1866, with the following charter membership of twelve: Col I. 
C. Pugh, Lieut. Joseph M. Prior, I. N. Coltrin, M. F. Kanan, 
George R. Steele, Dr. B. F. Sibley, J. T. Bishop, J. W. Routh, 
John H. Nale, George H. Dunning, C. Riebsame and I. A. Toland. 
This was known as " Post Honor." Those who met at Springfield 
had, in the meantime, organized 
themselves into a provisional De- 
partment Encampment, electing Dr. 
B. F. Stephenson as the first Depart- 
ment Commander. A State Encamp- 
ment was held in Illinois July 12th, 
1866, at Springfield, and General 
John M. Pahner was elected Depart- 
ment Commander. The first Na- 
tional Encampment was held on No- 
vember 20th, 1866, at Indianapolis, 
Ind. Founder B. F. Stephenson pre- 
sided. General S. A. Hurlbut of 
Illinois was elected Commander-in- 
Chief and Major Stephenson, Adju- 
tant General. 

At first these National Encamp- p,^^,^ s,^,,^^.^ 

mentS were of a business nature, junior Vice-Commander-in-Chief. 






Major B. F. Stephenson, 
Founder of the Grand Army of the Republic. 



but as the order grew and the encamp- 
ments were held at remote places the 
needs of something lighter was appar- 
ent and social customs were grafted 
on. Now they have become de- 
lightful reunions, looked forward to 
by the veterans and their families. 
Yet they have lost nothing in dignity 
or in capacity for business thereby, 
and have gained immensely in popu- 
larity. 

The National Woman's Relief 
Corps Home is not a Cleveland in- 
stitution, but it should have due 
recognition here. It is the only one 
in the country and is supported by a 
per capita tax on each member of the 
Woman's Relief Corps in the United 
States. Mrs. Anna Wittenmeyer 
founded it and made her home there until her death a few 
months ago. It is located at Madison, O., not many miles east 
of Cleveland, and, should occasion offer, would repay a visit from 
visiting veterans. Just now, there are sixty inmates, all of whom 
did noble work during the war. Some of them have daring deeds to 
their credit as spies or special messengers. Others were nurses. 

Cleveland first saw the Grand Army of the Republic in 1872. 
In those days, as has been previously stated, encampments had little 
general interest. They had no social features and were attended 

only by the offi- 
cers and delegates 
whose entire time 
was spent in execu- 
tive session. This 
feature was c o m - 
mented upon by 
the local papers, 
which simply gave 
the names of the 
delegates and then 
added that the pro- 
ceedings were of a 
private nature in 
which the general 
public had no in- 

National Woman's Relief Corps Home. tCrCSt. 




■*^'f*?f**?fns*.3?|!!^^ 




itEPARTJlENT OF THE INTiiRIOR. 






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.'tfii-jrVx /layu^'/f <m !'ii/iie t/ f^i.} ce^tMcaAi, 61 o/ any ^lyae op mnf/t/iy 
/ace ayat'n^ ei/deP </e 4e».ji>»(r of /^c -W»r'r</ f^ufej. 

(gibcn -.'' <'/■' ^c/ti't'm(i,( y i^f e/i,/, lUf \ 



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CcVSISdroilTs >•> I'' 




THE FIRST PENSION ISSUED FOR THE CIVIL WAR. 



National Encampments. 



• • 



National Encampments have been held since the organization 
of the Grand Army of the Republic as follows : 



Location. 



Indianapolis, 


1866 


Philadelphia, 


1868 


Cincinnati, 


1869 


Washington, 


1870 


Boston, 


187I 


Cleveland, 


1872 


New Haven, 


1873 


Harrisburg, 


1874 


Chicago, 


1875 


Philadelphia, 


1876 


Providence, 


1877 


Springfield, 


1878 


Albany, 


1879 


Dayton, 


1880 


Indianapolis, 


1881 


Baltimore, 


1882 


Denver, 


1883 


MinneapoHs, 


1884 


Portland, 


1885 


San Francisco, 


1886 


St. Louis, 


1887 


Columbus, 


1888 


Milwaukee, 


1889 


Boston, 


1890 


Detroit, 


189I 


Washington, 


1892 


Indianapolis, 


1893 


Pittsburg, 


1894 


Louisville, 


1895 


St. Paul, 


1896 


Buffalo, 


1897 


Cincinnati, 


1898 


Philadelphia, 


1899 


Chicago, 


1900 


•{•Elected September 6, 189 


9, to fill unexpired term 



Commander-in-Chief. 

Stephen A. Hurlbut. 
John A, Logan. 
John A. Logan. 
John A. Logan. 
A. E. Burnside. 
A. E. Burnside. 
Chas. Devens, Jr. 
Chas. Devens, Jr. 
John F. Hartranft. 
John F. Hartranft. 
J. C. Robinson. 
J. C. Robinson. 
William Earnshaw. 
Louis Wagner. 
George S. Merrill. 
Paul Van Der Voort. 
Robert B. Beath. 
John S. Kountz. 
S. S. Burdett. 
Lucius Fairchild. 
John P. Rea. 
William Warner. 
Russell A. Alger. 
Wheelock G. Veazey. 
John Palmer. 
A. G. Weissert. 
John G. B. Adams. 
Thomas G. Lawler. 
Ivan N. Walker. 
Thaddeus S. Clarkson. 
John P. S. Gobin. 
James A. Sexton. 

f W. C. Johnson. 

Albert D. Shaw. 
Leo Rassieur. 

of James A. Sexton, deceased. 



Auxiliary Associations. 




Woman's Relief Corps. 

t- .^4 At the fifteenth encampment of the Grand Army, resolu- 
^ "- f tions were adopted approving the organization of a 
national Woman's Rehef Corps and permitting such an 
'"* organization to use the words "Auxiliary to the Grand 
Army ot the Republic." The loyal women of the land 
had, prior to that time, state organizations ; that in Mas- 
L .. ' sachusetts being known as the Woman's Relief Corps. 
M:-<^Bfc ''■. On invitation of Commander-in-Chief Van Der- 

Mary l. Carr. voort, the ladies were present at the encampment in 
Denver in 1883 and formed the present organization. From fifty 
members at that time the order had increased to 142,760 in 1900. 
Up to June 30, 1900, it had expended the large sum of $2,024,688.53 
in charity since its organization. All loyal women, no matter whether 
they are related to a war veteran or not, are eligible to membership. 

The present national officers of the Woman's Relief Corps are 
as follows : National president, Mary L. Carr, Longmont, Col. 
national secretary, Fannie D. W. Hardin, Denver; national treasurer 
Samuel E. Phillips, Syracuse, N. Y. ; national senior vice-president 
Belle M. Satterly, St. Louis; national junior vice-president, Abbie R 
Flagg, Battle Creek, Mich. ; national chaplain, Mary A. Sims, Frank- 
fort, Ind. ; national inspector, Abbie Lynch, Allegheny City, Pa. 
national counselor, Elizabeth Darcy Kline, San Francisco ; nationa 
instituting and installing officer, Maria E. Dean, Chattanooga, Tenn. 
national patriotic instructor, Jennie L. Day, Gorham, Me. 



Ladies of the Grand Army. 

The Ladies' Loyal League, loyal to the Grand Army and 
its interests, was the predecessor of the Ladies of the 
Grand Army of the Republic. It was formed in Trenton, 
N. J., December 15, 1881 ; and adopted as its watch- 
word the motto of the Grand Army : " Fraternity, Charity 
and Loyalty." 

November 18, 1886, representatives from New York, 
Pennsylvania, California, Kansas and Illinois met in Chi- 
Etta Lee Toby, c^go and made the organization national under the name 
of Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic, which had been adopted 
by a circle of Chicago ladies formed in the preceding January. 




The organization is composed of the wives, mothers, daughters, 
sisters, blood-kin nieces and all lineal female descendants of soldiers 
and sailors of the Civil War. Army nurses may be admitted to full 
membership in the organization. Soldiers, sailors and marines who 
served in the Civil War may be admitted to honorary membership 
without initiation or dues. Its objects are to care for the veteran and 
his family, keep sacred Memorial Day, foster and educate the youths 
in patriotism and perpetuate the name and valor of the heroes of '6i 
to '6^. The order has 22 departments and 23 circles in states work- 
ing under national jurisdiction and a membership of 27,757. 

The national officers of the Ladies of the Grand Army of the 
Republic are as follows : National president, Etta Lee Toby, Logans- 
port, Ind. ; senior vice-president, Julia A. Ellis, Chicago ; junior vice- 
president, Mary E. Jameson, Marine City, Mich. ; secretary, Olive 
J. Allison, Richmond, Ind.; treasurer, Annie Sage, Dayton, O. ; 
counselor. Dr. Julia P. Shade, Philadelphia ; chaplain, Lizzie Garvin, 
Jersey City; council of administration, Irene W. Jones, of Mil- 
waukee, M. Anna Hall, of Wheeling, W. V., and Annie Micheuer, 
of Germantown ; press correspondents, Emm.a Dalton, of Winfield, 
Kan., and Ruth E. Foote, of Denver. 



Sons of Veterans. 

The organization of the Sons of Veterans is the out- 
growth of a movement started by David Knapp, a Phila- 
delphia Grand Army man, member of Anna M. Ross 
Post of that city, who, in 1879, organized Anna M. 
Ross cadet corps No. i. A number of other cadet corps 
followed in quick succession. The name " corps " was 
subsequently changed to " camp." 

The organization as it now stands was formed in 
E. W.Alexander. pit-f-gj^^j-g in 1 8 8 1 . At first it was maintained in five 
territorial divisions with separate headquarters and commanders, but 
this plan was abandoned for a central organization at the fourth 
annual encampment, held, in 1885, in Grand Rapids, Mich. 

The members of the Sons of Veterans are sons of men eligible 
to the Grand Army. The objects of the order are to keep green the 
memories of the fathers, aid in the care of the helpless and disabled 
veterans and widows and orphans of veterans, perpetuate Memorial 
and Union Defenders days, inculcate love of country, and spread the 
doctrines of equal rights, universal liberty and justice to all. 

The national officers of the Sons of Veterans, U. S. A., are : 
Commander-in-chief, E. W. Alexander, Reading, Pa. ; senior com- 
mander-in-chief, Alfred H. Rawitzer, Omaha; junior vice-com- 





mander-in-chief, Charles S. Davis, Jr., Washington ; council-in-chief, 
Don S. Gable, Nelsonville, O. ; C. J. Post, Grand Rapids, Mich. ; 
James B. Adams, Atlantic City, N. J. ; adjutant general, H. H. 
Hammer, Reading, Pa. ; quartermaster general, Fred E. Bolton, 
Boston; inspector general, E, F. Buck, Peoria, 111.; judge advocate 
general, E. B. Folsom, Dover, N. H. ; surgeon general. Dr. A. W. 
A. Traver, Providence, R. I.; chaplain-in-chief, R. S. Thompson, 
Rising Sun, Ind. 



Daughters of Veterans. 

On Decoration Day, 1885, five grammar school girls be- 
longing to an association called the Ruby Seal, after 
their return from the cemetery at Massillon, O., where 
they had been assisting in the decoration of soldiers' 
graves, determined upon organizing a national association, 
the purpose of which should be to aid the Grand Army 
in keeping green the graves of the soldiers of the Union 
Army. 
Lillian E. Phillips. j^^g Daughters of Veterans is the outcome of this 
movement. It aims to perpetuate the memories of the soldiers, in- 
culcate loyalty, aid the needy and perform many other useful and 
patriotic deeds. The first national convention was held in Quincy, 
111., in 1890. Since 1892 the order has been meeting at Grand Army 
encampments. Daughters of honorably discharged soldiers, sailors 
and marines and daughters of sons of veterans, and so on in genea- 
logical order, are eligible to membership upon arriving at the age of 
fifteen years. The order is organized by camps. The officers are : 

President, Lillian E. Phillips, Chicago ; senior vice-president, S. 
Elizabeth Stanley, Baltimore ; junior vice-president, Carrie A. West- 
brook, Elmira, N. Y. ; secretary, Ella M. Adair, Oak Park, 111. ; 
treasurer, Ida J. Allen, Newtonville, Mass. ; chaplain, Clara Martin, 
Stockholm, Neb. ; inspector, Maud Amadon, Nashua, N. H. ; in- 
stituting and installing officer, Addie Pratt, Binghamton, N. Y. ; 
guard, Cora C. Boyle, Eau Claire, Wis. ; musician, Sophia Light- 
bourne, St. Paul, Minn. ; guide. May E. Needham, Cleveland ; 
national council, M. Elizabeth Kimball, Fitchburg, Mass. ; Anna M. 
Clark, Binghamton, N. Y.; Julia A. Croft, Cleveland ; Alice L. 
Hansen, Chicago ; R. Evelyn Monroe, Worcester, Mass. 

The membership of the Daughters of Veterans is 2,000. On 
Memorial Day, 1900, the organization furnished 7,565 wreaths and 
bouquets to decorate soldiers' graves. Among the honored members 
of the organization were Caroline Scott Harrison, Lucy Webb 
Hayes, Clara Barton, Mary Logan and Louisa M. Alcott. 

13 



National Association of Naval Veterans. 




While here and there isolated associations of naval vet- 
erans existed prior to 1887, as early indeed as 1867, no 
national association was formed until the year first named, 
in New York City. 

The principles of the National Association of Naval 
Veterans are a belief in Almighty God, allegiance to the 
United States, its constitution and laws, the development 
of the navy and the discouragement of whatever may 
F. E. Haskins. weaken loyalty or incite insurrection, treason or rebellion. 
The organization makes no distinction as to rank. The officer 
and the enlisted men are equally eligible. The candidate must have 
served in the navy, marine corps or revenue marine service, and must 
never have borne arms against the United States or been convicted of 
any infamous crime. The present membership is 5,800. 

The officers of the organization are: Commodore commanding, 
Frederick E. Haskins, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; first captain and chief of 
staff, James A. Miller, Athens, O. ; first commander, John O. Shaw, 
Bath, Me. ; fleet lieutenant commander, August H. Runge, Min- 
neapolis; first lieutenant, James H. Eagan, Joliet, 111.; fleet master, 
Philip W. Hager, Louisville; fleet ensign, John H. Butler, Eaton, 
O. ; fleet surgeon, William E. Atwell, Zanesville, O. ; fleet paymaster, 
I. D. Baker, Boston ; fleet engineer, Thomas W. Barnum, Phila- 
delphia ; fleet chaplain, A. S. McWilliams, Detroit; fleet historian, 
William Simmons, Philadelphia ; fleet boatswain, Louis Bennett, 
Baltimore; fleet secretary, W. H. S. Banks, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



Loyal Legion. 

On April 15, 1865, the day following the assassination 
of President Lincoln, three army officers, Capt. Peter 
Dirck Keyser, U. S. V., Lieut. Col. S. B. Wylie Mit- 
chell, M. D., U. S. v., and Lieut. Col. T. Elwood Zell, 
U. S, v., issued a call for a meeting of all officers and 
ex-officers in Philadelphia to take action in regard to the 
funeral. This was followed by several meetings during 
which, on motion of Capt. Keyser, it was resolved to 
form a society organized somewhat upon the character 
of the order of Cincinnati. This resulted in the formation of the 
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. 

The order is composed of officers and honorably discharged 
officers of the army, navy and marine corps. It has a large mem- 
bership. It acknowledges as its fundamental principles a firm 




Gen. Schofield. 



14 



belief and trust in God and a true allegiance to the United States of 
America. Its objects are to cherish the memories and associations of 
the war, strengthen the ties of fraternal fellowship and sympathy 
formed by companionship in arms, advance the best interests of the 
soldiers and sailors, especially those associated in the companionship 
of the order, extend relief to the widows and children, foster military 
and naval science, enforce allegiance to the government, protect the 
rights and liberties of American citizenship and maintain national 
honor, union and independence. 

At the fifteenth annual meeting of the commandery-in-chief held 
in Philadelphia, October i8, 1899, the following officers were elected : 
Commander-in-chief, Lieutenant General John M. Schofield, Bar 
Harbor, Me.; senior vice-commander, Acting Volunteer Lieutenant 
Charles P. Clark (since deceased) ; junior vice-commander-in-chief. 
Brigadier General Henry C. Merriam, Denver, Col.; recorder-in- 
chief. Brevet Lieutenant Colonel John P. Nicholson, Philadelphia ; 
registrar-in-chief. Brevet Major William P. Huxford, Washington, 
D. C; treasurer-in-chief. Paymaster George De F. Barton, New 
York City; chancellor-in-chief. Brevet Brigadier General William L. 
James, Riverton, N. J.; chaplain-in-chief. Brevet Major Henry S. 
Burrage, Portland, Me.; council-in-chief. Brevet Major George W. 
Chandler, of Detroit, Rear Admiral George Brown, of Indianapolis, 
Major Henry L. Swords, of New York City, Brevet Major John B. 
Sanborn, of St. Paul, and Captain Roswell H. Mason, of Chicago. 



National Association of Union Ex-Prisoners of War. 

The National Association of Union Ex-Prisoners of War, 
an organization twenty-seven years old, is composed of 
those who were confined in southern prisons at any time 
during the war. It has local associations in nearly every 
state, county associations in certain states, and individual 
members in localities where there are not enough ex-pris- 
oners to form local associations. Nearly all surviving 
ex-prisoners of war, about 18,000 in number, are 
James atu kll. rngmbcrSo 

The object of the organization is to strengthen ties of friendship 
among the survivors of military prisons, perpetuate the name and 
fame of those who died in southern prisons, assist such fellow prison- 
ers as need help and protection, and extend medical aid to the widows 
and orphans of those who have fallen. 

The officers are : National Commander, James xA.twell, Pitts- 
burg ; national vice-commander, Frank A. Cleveland, Chicago ; 
national chaplain. Rev. John So Ferguson, Keokuk, Iowa ; national 

15 




historian, Hon. Henry White, Indiana, Pa.; adjutant general and 
quartermaster general, Stephen M. Long, East Orange, N. J.; 
executive committee, J. D. Walker, Pittsburg ; Isaac C. Seeley, 
Minneapolis ; J, B. Cotty, Moberly, Mo.; Robert Commons, 
Chicago; James Atwell, Pittsburg; Stephen M. Long, East Orange, 
N. J.; chief of staff, J. D. Walker, Pittsburg ; special aide for 
Cleveland encampment, W. C. McKelvey, Cripple Creek, Colorado. 



Loyal Home Workers, 

The Loyal Home Workers, which always holds its annual meeting 
at the time and place of the Grand Army encampment, was organized 
at Boston, August 13, 1890, by members of the National Tribune 
Conversation Club, for mutual benefit and the more practical enforce- 
ment of the principles of progress and patriotism through the press, 
discussion at reunions and correspondence. The objects of the 
organization are progress, patriotism and charity. 

The officers are : President, Amos L. Seaman, St. Louis 
vice-president, Genevieve Seymour, Sodus, N. Y.; secretary. Belle 
Smith, Winooski, Wis,; treasurer, Ed. C. Close, Ft. Wayne, Ind. 
sergeant-at-arms, Andrew J. Streeter, Newton, la.; directors, Kate B 
Sherwood, Canton, O.; Wallace Foster, Indianapolis, Ind.; Hy. J 
Buchen, Sheboygan, Wis.; Amelia Arnold, Kingston, N. Y.; M 
Warner Hargrove, Brown Mills, N. J.; Alice Putnam Eddy 
Fredonia, N. Y.; Elizabeth DeBrien, Philadelphia; Alice Warring- 
ton, Minneapolis, Minn, 



Ladies' Auxiliary of Naval Veterans. 

The ladies of the families of members of the National 
Association of Naval Veterans have an organization 
known as the Ladies' Auxiliary of Naval Veterans. The 
objects are sociability and fraternity, and to aid such works 
of charity as may be needed among naval veterans. The 
^ annual meetings are held at the same time and place as 
those of the naval veterans' order ; principally, of late, 
in connection with the national Grand Army encamp- 

Margaret Dixon. mcntS. 

The officers of the organization are as follows : Captain com- 
mander, Mrs. Margaret B. Dixon, Detroit ; commander, Mrs. Eliza 
A. Wichter, Jersey City ; lieutenant commander, Mrs. Henrietta 
Bower, Philadelphia , senior lieutenant, Mrs. Mary Geary, Minne- 
apolis ; lieutenant, Mrs. Louis Runge, Minneapolis ; fleet paymaster, 

16 




.^« 




Mrs. Ellen E. Travers, Providence , fleet surgeon, Mrs. Alice 
Nealon, Philadelphia ; fleet chaplain, Mrs. Lena Radditz, Philadel- 
phia ; national secretary, Mrs, Sarah E. Reynolds, Eaton, O. ; chief 
of staff, Miss Annie R. Sears, Baltimore; national boatswain. Miss 
Annie Rogers, Salem, Mass. ; national historian, Mrs. Hannah South- 
switch, New Bedford, Mass. 



National Association of Army Nurses of Civil War. 

Noble women who nursed the sick and wounded in 
Southern hospitals from 1861 to 1865 are organized in 
an association known as the National Association of 
Army Nurses of the Civil War. Its objects are to 
promote a spirit of fraternity, aid the needy ones, 
procure employment and care for the infirm and 
destitute. 

The present officers of the association are as follows : 
Ada Johnson. President, Ada Johnson, St. Louis; senior vice-presi- 
dent, Margaret Hamilton, Wakefield, Mass. ; junior vice-president, 
Rebecca Krips, Philadelphia; secretary, Kate M. Scott, Brockville, 
Pa.; treasurer, Dr. Nancy M. Hill, Dubuque, Iowa; chaplain, 
Elizabeth O. Gibson, Appleton, Wis. ; corresponding secretary, 
Rebecca L. Price, Philadelphia; guard, Mary Lescure, Philadelphia ; 
counselor, Emily E. Woodley, Philadelphia. 



Woman's National Association, Auxiliary to Union Ex- 

Prisoners of War. 

> The Woman's National Association, Auxiliary to Union 

f^' ^ Ex-Prisoners of War, is composed of wives and daughters 
^ 4i of members of the National Association of Union Ex- 
'. j;* Prisoners of War. It is social in character and it also 

k^ assists the organization last named in carrying out its 
^^ principles and work. It holds annual meetings in con- 
I^H^ nection with Grand Army national encampments. Its 
^^*- officers are ; President, Mrs. Charles F. Sherrifl^; senior 
Mrs.c.f.Sherriff. vice-president, Mrs. Benj. McCall; junior vice-president, 
Mrs. John Home; secretary, Mrs. Wm. P. Linhart; treasurer, Mrs. 
Alfred H.Jones; counsellor, Mrs. J. R. Hutchinson; council of 
administration, Mrs. Ada L. Shannon, Mrs. Henrietta Paul, and 
Mrs. Margaret B. Reed. 



17 



HOW THE WORK WAS DONE. 

• • • • • 

The Business Men's League, an organization whose aim is to 
bring conventions and the like to this city, was the first to suggest 
that Cleveland secure the Thirty-fifth National Encampment of the 
Grand Army of the Republic. The idea was a happy one, and a 
number of leading citizens voluntarily associated themselves with the 
League to attain the object. A competent committee was formed. 





GENERAL JAMES BARNETT, 
Chairman Citizens' Executive Committee. 



J. G. W. COWLES, 

Chairman Citizens' Committee of loc. 



This committee visited St. Louis and won its victory. Then it came 
home and so popular was the result that it seemed as if all Cleveland 
wished to join in the hard work that was coming. 

A committee of one hundred representative citizens was organized 
and from this the Citizens' Executive Committee was formed with 
the following membership : General James Barnett, chairman, Mr, 
Herman Baehr, Mr. Webb C. Ball, Colonel Louis Black, Mr. 
John H. Blood, Mr. Arthur Bradley, Captain Russell E. Burdick, 
Colonel C. C. Dewstoe, Colonel Henry C. Ellison, General George 
A. Garretson, Mr. Samuel F. Haserot, Mr. C. W. McCormick, 
Mr. Ryerson Ritchie, Captain J. C. Roland, Colonel Alva J. 
Smith. This Citizens' Committee appointed Mr. Ryerson Ritchie 
director It also appointed another one of its own members. 



Colonel H. C. Kllison, 
proper recognition of 
Men's Convention 
ing the encampment 
ticularly, because of 
of his services and his 
Mr. Edward W. Doty 
the Executive Com- 
The financial end 
acter is alwavs one 
Given money, noth- 
manly speaking. With- 
than is needed, there geo. a. garretson, 

to tell. Up to this ChairmanCommittee on Invitations. 




as treasurer, and in 
the part the Business 
League had in bring- 
here, and, more par- 
his ability, the value 
experience, it delegated 
to the secretaryship ot 
mittee. 

of an affair of this char- 
of chief importance, 
ing is impossible, hu- 
out it, or having less 
is a discreditable story 
point, then, Cleveland 





E. W. DOTY, 

Secretary. 



RYERSON RITCHIE, 
Director. 



H. C. ELLISON, 

Treasurer. 



is not singular from 
the universal want — 
ty, if such a term can 
way the necessary funds 
ously, it had been the 
is all over the world, 
sonal solicitation, 
back upon the o 1 d 
The general pleas- 
shown in the sugges- 
Encampment, the en- 
of the project engen- 
assurance given by the 
Citizens' Committee of 




LEANDER McBRIDE, 



Other cities. It had 
money. Its originali- 
be permitted, lies in the 
were secured. Previ- 
Cleveland custom, as it 
to raise money by per- 
Cleveland turned its 
method. 

ure that had been 
tion of a Grand Army 
thusiasm the success 
dered, and the further 
ready formation of the 



ChairmanCommittee on Finance. One Hundred, Were 



19 




Facade of Chamber of Commerce, Headciuarters G. A. R. 



evidences that all Cleveland was interested. It was resolved, then, 
to give the entire city, as it desired, an opportunity to contribute. 
No soliciting committee was formed ; not a single personal call was 
made. The newspapers told of the needs of the Executive Commit- 
tee — one hundred thousand dollars was the sum it thought desir- 
able. A public appeal was followed by circular letters that were scat- 
tered broadcast over the city. No one was forgotten or neglected. 
The letter carrier in the " Triangle " bore as heavy a burden as his 
fellow on the Euclid avenue route. Every citizen was invited ; but 
no one was coerced. He might give or not, just as he chose, and 
there was no one at his elbow to mollify. 

This procedure succeeded beyond the sanguine expectations of 
even those who devised it. Cleveland was put on its mettle. Its 
reputation was at stake. The Executive Committee safely trusted to 
local pride and generosity. This opinion, which seemed to be held 
by almost every citizen, to judge from the results, was a thousand- 
fold more eloquent than any special pleading could have been and 
just that much more effective than the methods which the old-time 
solicitor used. The desired money was raised ; it was raised in an 
unprecedented time and by unique methods — it was all done joyously. 
This is all that is necessary to say of the work of the committee. 
The wisdom or unwisdom of the expenditure of that money must now 
be determined by the delegates themselves. 



AIDES. 



H. E. Doty, 



Webb C. Ball, 
W. H. Barch, 
T. W. Brainard, 
R. G. Chandler, 



Standing Committees. 

• • • • • 

Parade and Review. 



R. E. Burdick, 
C. L. Burridge, 
Paul Howland, 
Geo. A. McKav, 




R. E. Burdick, 
Chairman. 



• • • • 

Badges. 



mm^ 




Webb C. Ball, 
Chairman. 



A. W. Fenton, 
D. J. Hard, 
Otto Miller, 
Jas. A. Robinson, 
Otto C. Snider, 
A. G. Tame. 



Geo. E. Ceilings, 
Louis H. Hays, 
J. C. Roland, 
W. H. Scriven. 



Colored Troops. 



C. W. Chesnutt, 
J. E. Benson, 
John J. Bolden, 
W. O. Bowles, 
John H. Cisco, 
W. H. Clifford, 
A. W. Collins, 
J. H. Davis, 
Henry Embrey, 
T. W. Fleming, 
H. M. Foote, 
William Green, 




C. W. Chesnutt, 
Chairman. 



Charles E. Gordon 
J. C. Jorden, 
Alexander Martin, 
George A. Myers, 
Hooker Page, 
J. E. Reed, 
H. J. Roller, 
George Sampson, 
John Smith, 
George Vosburgh, 
G. H. Wilson, 
Walter B. Wrie;ht. 



Daughters of Veterans. 



Miss Julia A. Croft, 
Mrs. Fanny Brainard, 
Mrs. Eliza A. Burlingame, 
Mrs. Eleanor Fowler, 
Mrs. Ruby Held, 
Mrs. Ida Huddleston, 




Julia A. Croft, 

Chairman. 

• * • • • 

Equipages. 



Jacob B. Perkins, 
Henry R. Adams, 
Henry W. Corning, 
Clarence C. Esterbrook, 
J. N. Frazee, 
Thos. S. Grasselli, 




Jacob B. Perkins, 
Chairman. 

• • • • • 

Finance. 



Leander McBride, 
F. A. Arter, 
F. S. Bauder, 
E. H. Bourne, 
B. F. Bower, 
Chas. W. Chase, 
J. W. Conger, 
J. G. W. Cowles, 
H. C. Ellison, 

E. M. Folsom, 
W. H. Oarlock, 
Geo. A. Garretson, 

F. H. Haserot, 
Myron T. Herrick, 
T. W. Hill, 

O. J. Hodge, 
L. Dean H olden, 
Emil Joseph, 
Jos. R. Kraus, 




Miss Julia C. Loeber, 
Miss May E. Needham, 
Miss Lena Pinard, 
Mrs. Eva Sheeler, 
Miss May Urias. 



Leander McBride, 
Chairman. 



T. W. Latham, 
Demaline Leuty, 
Homer McDaniel, 
Chas. W. Maedje, 
M.J. Mandelbaum, 
Wm. G. Mather, 
Samuel Mather, 
John Mitchell, 
Calvary Morris, 
Jas. H. Paine 



Bernard P. Grunauer, 
L. Dean Holden, 
A. C. Rogers, 
Samuel E. Strong, 
F. H. Townsend, 
F. W. Woods. 



S. T. Paine, 
Sheldon Parks, 
B. L. Pennington, 
S. L. Pierce, 
J. A. Reaugh, 
Wm. H. Scriven, 
Belden Seymour, 
Parker Shackleton, 
Stiles C. Smith, 
O. M. Stafford, 
Abraham Stearn, 
H. W. Stecher, 
J. J. Sullivan, 
F. H. Townsend, 
J. C. Trask, 
Robert Wallace, 
Geo. P. Welch, 
Ed. Wiebenson, 
M. H. Wilson. 



Free Quarters. 



James Hayr, 
G. C. Barnes, 
L. F. Bauder, 
Geo. D. Beck, 
M. B. Beelman, 
F. R. Bell, 

F. A. Bierbrier, 
John C. Bissell, 
T. W. Brainard, 
J. T. Brightmore, 
S. S. Card, 

J. M. Carrington, 
Wm. B. Chapman, 
J. G. Claflin, 
Wm. T. Clark, 
Edgar Couch, 
W. C, Cowin, 

G. T. Cronk, 
Timothy Deacy, 
Fred Douttiel, 
John C. Durian, 
J. W. Dwyer, 
Andrew Eitelman, 
Thomas Fay, 
John Fegan, 
David Fisk, 
Carlos Forbes, 
W. E. Forby, 

E. W. Force, 
E. D. Foster, 
S. B. Fowler, 




James Ha\r, 
Chairman. 



J. W. Francisco, 
Jas. H. Gilbert, 
A. H. Glover, 
Henry Gordon, 
W. D. Graham, 
Wm. Gresmuck, 
Chas. Griswold, 
John P. Haley, 
C. D. Harrington, 
Wm. A„ Heinsohn, 
Henry Hoehn, 
David Jackson, 
David Johnson, 
L. H. Jones, 
Benj. Killam, 
F. A. Kelley, 
Wm. Kneale, 
T. S. Knight, 
C. D. Lane, 
John B. Lang, 
David Lewis, 



D. H. Lucas, 
T. F. McConnell, 
Wm. McKinley, 
James McMahon, 
M. W. Miles, 
O. L. Neff, 

D. G. Nesbitt, 
Walter Norton, 

E. L. Pardee, 
Byron Pope, 

J. J. Prendergast, 
J. H. Reed, 
Frank Rieley, 
J. S. Rose, 
Jos. E. Sawtelle, 
E. D. Sawyer, 
David SchafFer, 
Jacob Schug, 
A. J. Scoville^ 
W. R. Smeliie, 
C. H. Smith- 
J. J. Smith, 
Pard B. Smith, 
Alex, Stuart, 
J. C. Tressell, 
Chas. G, Wagner, 
Simeon H. Wallace, 
W. H. Warner 
Levi Wherry, 
W. B. Wright, 
John Yahraus. 



James Ritchie, 
W. H. Hunt, 
C. A. Niccla, 



Grand Stands. 




James Ritchie, 
Chairman. 



J. A. Reaugh, 
C. H. Strong. 



23 



Invitation. 



Geo. A. Garretson, 
James Barnett, 
M. A. Hanna, 
Myron T. Herrick, 




James H. Hoyt, 
Tom L. Johnson, 
Samuel Mather. 



Geo. a. Garretson, 
Chairman. 



Ladies of the G. A. R. 



Mrs. Maria P. Cahoon, 
Mrs. Belle Ammon, 
Mrs. Eva Lang Cadwell, 
Mrs. Louisa Dennison, 
Mrs. Angeline Greenawalt, 
Mrs. JuHa Harrington, 




Mrs. Emma E. Kennedy, 
Mrs. E. W. Kennedy, 
Mrs. A. P. Lagron, 
Mrs. C. J. Marks, 
Mrs. Adda Moody, 
Mrs. S. E.Van Orman, 
Mrs. A. Swartwood. 



Maria P. Cahoon, 
Chairman. 



• • • • • 



Medical. 



Geo. C. Ashmun, 
A. R. Baker, 
H. H. Baxter, 
D. H. Beckwith, 

F. E. Bunts, 
A. J. Cook, 
W. T. Corlett, 
C. F. Button, 

G. A. Ehret, 
R. D. Fry, 
Chas. Gentsch, 
W. H. Humiston, 




Geo. C. Ashmun, 
Chairman. 



Wm. A. Knowlton, 

24 



W. R. Lower, 
John H. Lowman, 
W. T. Miller, 
H. W. Osborn, 

C. B. Parker, 
Wm. W. Piper, 
H. H. Powell, 
George Sharer, 

D. B. Smith, 
J. T. Smith, 

L. B. Tuckerman, 
D. L. Travis. 



Mexican War Veterans. 



O. J. Hodge, 
W. W. Armstrong, 
M. R. Dickey, 
F. A. Henry, 



Geo. W. Gardner, 
C. E. Benham, 
M. A. Bradley, 
F. E. Bunts, 
Arthur Dcvale, 
H. V. Garrett, 

C. M. Harris, 

D. C. Mclntyre, 




O. J. Hodge, 
Chairman. 



• • • • • 

Naval. 




Geo. W. Gardner, 
Chairman. 

• • • • • 

Army Nurses. 



F. A. Kress, 

Jas. T. McAninch, 

Homer McDaniel. 



John Mitchell, 
T. F. Newman, 
Fred A. Parent, 
D. H. Pond, 
Percy W. Rice, 
Wm. E. Wirt, 
G. H. Worthineton. 



Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, 
Mrs. T. D. Crocker, 
Mrs. J. Dwight Palmer, 



C. C. Shanklin, 

D. G. Nesbit, 
J. C. Palmer, 




Mrs. B. F. Taylor, 

Mrs. Nellie Thaver, 



Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, 
Chairman. 

• • • • • 

Union Ex-Prisoners of War. 



W. H. Polhamus, 
J. C. Tressell. 



25 



Public Decorations. 



Arthur Bradley, 
W. D. Benes, 
M. F. Bramley, 
D. O. Caswell, 
George Gaunter, 
C. A. Dolan, 
H. J. Fischer, 
S. C. Gladwin, 
C. E. Gould, 
B. S. HubbelL 




Arthur Bradley, 

Chairman. 

L. N. Weber, 



John A. Kling, 
F. H. Palmer, 
Louis Rohrheimer, 
J. C. Sparrow, 
F. W. Striebinger, 
Chas. H . Strong, Jr., 
Henry A. Taylor, 
George B. Tripp, 
Frank Weddell, 
A. C. Yesinger. 



• * • • • 
Public Entertainment. 



James T, McAninch, 
A. T. Anderson, 
A. E. Akins, 
F. S. Borton, 
P. W. Ditto, 
J. B. Hanna, 
J. F. Kilfoyl, 
D. J. Kurtz, 




Ira A. McCormack, 
G. G. Mulhern, 
T. F. Newman, 
P. C. Pettit, 
F. T. Pomeroy, 
Chas. B. Shanks, 
C. W. Toland. 



James T. McAninch, 
Chairman. 



Tom L. Johnson, 
H. Q, Sargent, 
James Barnett, 
B. F. Bower, 
T. E. Burton, 
Chas. W. Chase, 
J. G. W. Cowles, 
M. M. Curtiss, 
James R. Garfield, 
Geo. A. Garretson, 
M. A. Hanna, 
Webb C. Hayes, 
P. M. Hitchcock, 



• • • • • 
Reception. 




H. Q. Sargent, 
Vice-Chairman. 



Myron T. Herrick, 
26 



L. E. Holden, 
James H. Hoyt, 
L. H. Jones, 
F. A. Kendall, 
C. E. Kennedy, 
Samuel Mather, 
Chas. W. Maedje, 
R. F. Paine, 
Cady Staley, 
E. F. Taggart, 
V. C. Taylor, 
Chas. F. Thwing, 
J. C. Trask. 



Re-Untons and Camp-Fires. 



C. C. Devvstoe, 
Alfred Arthur, 
J. E. Asling, 
W. R. Austin, 
L. W. Bailey, 
T. O. Bailev, 
R. J. Bellamy, 
Geo. A. Bennett, 
J. C. Bissell, 
Thomas Boutall, 
H. M. Case, 
A. C. Caskey, 
R. G. Chandler, 
J. W. Conger, 
F. A. Edmonds, 
Geo. H. Foster, 
M. B. Gary, 
W. J. Gleason, 
J. G. Haettinger, 
O. P. Harris, 




C. C. Devvstoe, 
Chairman. 



S. A. Hart, 
J. F. Herrick, 
T. W. Hill, 
Paul Howland, 
Josiah Johnson, 
Horace Judson, 
Chas. B. Kelley, 
E. J, Kennedy, 



S. B. Lamoreaux, 
J. P. McMahon, 
W. R. Nevins, 
C. H. A. Palmer, 
J. Dwight Palmer, 
L. O. Rawson, 
O. F. Rhoades, 
Felix Rosenberg, 
F. M. Sanderson, 
F. A. Scott, 
Karl Seibel, 
H. P. Shupe, 
C. H. Smith, 
H. A. Smith, 
O. Stafford, 
N. Coe Stewart, 
Frank O. Tuttle, 
H. L. Vail, 
E. R. Walker, 
J. O. Winship. 



Public Comfort. 



John H. Blood, 
W. W. Allen, 
Newton D. Baker, 
Ben Bole, 
Fred. S. Borton, 
S. R. Brainard, 
Chas. W. Chestnutt, 
A. E. Davis, 
Harry L. Day, 
Chas. J. Deckman, 
Gardner Dodge, 
Chas. E. Doty, 
Frank Dowd, 
Wm. Downie, 
Geo. P. Edwards, 
A. Ward Fenton, 
Abel Fish, 
Carlos Forbes, 
W. E. Forby, 
S. B. Fowler, 





John H. Blood, 
Chairman. 



Tiffin Gilmore, 
J. B. Hanna, 
D. R. Hawley, 
Norman E. Hills, 
Fred. C. Howe, 
Chas. F. Leach, 
F. M. McCartney, 
W. O. McClure, 



Geo. A. McKinnie, 
H. F. McNutt, 
Jas. W. Mathers, 
J. B. Molyneaux, 
Chas. Orr, 
L. A. Osborn, 
Seth T. Paine, 
R. K. Pelton, 
Louis Perczel, 
S. L. Pierce, 
W. D. Pudney, 
Clifford Quigley, 
Ed. A. Roberts, 
G. K. Shurtieff, 
Ferd. L. Southworth, 
J, C. Sparrow, 
Henry W. Stecher, 
Harry K. Taylor, 
L. H. Tread way, 
John Wageman. 



27 



Transportation. 



Alva J. Smith, 
E. A. Akers, 
H. J. Booth, 
W. D. Buss, 
M. G. Carrel, 
G. A. Coe, 

D. J. Collver, 

E. B, Coolidge, 
J. E. Galbraith, 
J. C. Gilchrist, 
G. J. Grammer, 
W. F. Herman, 




Alva |. Smith, 
Chairman. 



B. F. Horner, 
A. S. Ingalls, 



J. T. Johnson, 
A. W. Johnston, 

C. L. Kimball, 

D. C. Mclntyre, 
A. M. Mozier, 

E. L. Patterson, 
W. H. Scriven, 
G. W, Squiggins, 
J. E. Terry, 

R. H. Wallace, 
W. H. Wallace, 
W. R. Woodford. 



• • • • • 



Sons of Veterans. 



F. A. Edmonds, 
H. G. Babcock, 
T. O. Bailey, 
Arthur Baldwin, 
J. Lawrence Barrett, 
F. Bauder, 
J. C. Blackburn, 
F, A. Brainard, 
J. J. Breitinger, 
Charles Breymaier, 
Ben Burlingame, 
Norman Burlingame, 
Bruce Castle, 
D. J. Castle, 
O. B. Conant, 
H. D. Davis, 
Chas. J. Deckman, 
Charles Ebersold, 
Harry H. Edmonds, 
Robt. A. Edmonds, 
B. H. Edmonds, 
Frank Fegan, 
S. B. Fowler, 
Henry Frazee, 
Tiffin Gilmore, 




F. A. Edmonds, 
Chairman. 

Jo G. Haettinger, 
J. D. Hall, 
E. P. Held, 
A. F. Held, 
J. A. Held, 
N. E. Held, 
Frank Hudson, 
Vincent T. Jackson, 
Charles B. Kelley, 
George H. King, 
W. C. Laetsch, 
C. R. Lourey, 
Arthur Lovejoy, 
Wade Mcllrath, 
H. S. Marble, 

28 



B. D. Miller, 
O. L. NefF, 
A. Nixon, 
George Our, 

D. J. Oviett, 

C. H. A. Palmer, 

E. W. Pay, 
Julius Penard, 
C. J. School, 
Wm. Sherman, 
Geo. W. Skinner, 
Albert Snow, 

L. C. Sperry, 
Rollin Sperry, 
Thos. Swartwood, 
Fred. L. Taft, 

E. P. Thomas, 

J. C. Tressell, Jr., 
H. J. Turney, 

F. O. Tuttle, 
C. M. Wagner, 
H. E. Walter, 
George Walter, 
H. A. Witter, 
S. L. Zetty. 



Athletics. 



J. L. Smith, 
H. W. Andrus, 
Elmer E. Bates, 
H. F. Biggar, Jr., 
Geo. Collister, 
G. W. Griffin, 
W. H. Kinnicutt, 
Wm. McKay, 




J. L. Smith, 
Chairman. 



Wm. G. Oswald, 
Douglas Perkins, Jr., 
Walter M. Robison, 
W. A. Skinkle, 
A. C. Smith, 
C. W. Stage, 
F. W. Stoddard, 
Chas. Weaver. 



Woman's Relief Corps. 



Mrs. Lois M. KnaufF, 
Mary F. Allen, 
Catherine Allen, 
Nellie Auld, 
Catherine F. Avery, 
Eliza Breads, 
Dora L. Brush, 
Maria Bushnell, 
Bertha Cadmus, 
Clara Chapelka, 
Mary F. Claflin, 
Mary Clifford, 
Linna Crail, 




Lois M. Knauff, 
Chairman. 



Ellen Croft, 
C. C. Dewstoe, 
Elizabeth Dunn, 
M. H. Edgerly, 
A. H. Fairbanks, 
A. B. Foster, 
Rossa Frater, 
Alice W. Fuller, 
Kate Gabel, 
Ellen Gates, 
Bessie Giauque, 
Emma Godwin, 
F. H. Graham, 
Martha G. Hayr, 



Mrs. Bessie Harland, 
Margaret L. Hosey, 
Maria Ives, 
Metta Judson, 
Mary A. King, 
Elizabeth Knight, 
Sarah R. Lane, 
H. D. Marble, 
Laura Marsh, 
Carleta Maxwell, 
Maud McMillen, 
Emma Meyerheine, 
Fannie D. Neff, 
Susan Newton, 
H. L. Nichols, 



Mrs. Alviva O'Conners, 

" Lorena Piper, 

" Han'h R. Plimpton, 

" Alice F. Qiiinlan, 

" Anna School, 

" Louise K. Sherman, 

" Effie St. John, 

" Nina Stansbury, 

" Clara Sterling, 

" Benj. F. Taylor, 

" Mrs. Teasdale, 

" Alice Te-Linde, 

" Julia Treat, 

" Anna P. Tucker, 

" Mabel C. Wade, 

" C. W. Whitmarsh, 

" Hattie R. Wilson, 

" Ida A. WiUiams, 

" Helen Winship, 

" Susie Worcester, 

" Ella Wyman, 

" Alice D. Smith, 

" Elizabeth Smith, 

" Ann Chandler, 

" C. J. Snow, 

" Nellie E. Greenway, 

Miss Ella Schaffer. 



29 




THE STORY OF CLEVELAND. 



Those who visit the city for the first time, as is the case with the 
great majority whom the encampment has brought here, are not con- 
tent to accept it simply as it is. The natural curiosity of man, Eve's 
gift to her children, supplemented by the questioning spirit of the 
Yankee, which is not a snoopy inquisitiveness but a laudable desire 
for knowledge, impels the stranger to get at its origin, its history, and 
the causes that led to its development. 

The seeker of romance will find little, however, to interest him 
in the story of Cleveland. Its situation and the time of its settlement 
saved it from those fierce forays of the Indians which make the annals 
of other towns so picturesque, and the War of 1812 touched it only 
on its outermost hem, though in such a grand way that it is glad to 
shine in its reflected glory. But to the student of men and motives, 
to him who can value the lesson of honest, untiring effort, of quick 
appreciation of opportunity, tempered by a discriminating conserva- 
tism, the history of Cleveland is thoroughly engrossing. Blood tells 
in a city as in a man. Cleveland is well born. It was settled 
by the sturdy people of Connecticut whose lives were pure, whose 
ambitions were honest and whose wills were strong. 

When, early in the history of the country, the states of the old 



31 




1 au old oil paiatiui 



North Side ok the Public Square in 1839. 



confederation ceded their western territory to the General Govern- 
ment, Connecticut held back from such release the vast territory 
along Lake Erie called then, as now, " The Western Reserve." The 
major portion of these lands were bought in September, 1795, for 
$1,200,000 by a pioneer in the syndicate line. The Connecticut Land 
Company. 

In the early part of 1796, a surveying party of fifty, headed by 
General Moses Cleaveland, of Old Windham, Connecticut, was sent 
to spy out the fatness of the land and to prepare it for settlement. 
This party came to the Cuyahoga on July 22, 1796. General Cleave- 




From an old .ithograpb 



View Foot of Tracy St., 1853. 
32 




North Side of the Public Scjuare in 1901. 

land was so well pleased with the situation that he determined to lay 
out a town. His was a prophetic eye, and his a prophetic tongue, 
also, for when he went back to Connecticut a few months later to make 
his report he declared : " While I was in New Connecticut, I laid out 
a town on the banks of Lake Erie, which was called by my name, and 
I believe the child is now born that may live to see that place as large 
as Old Windham." 

Through courtesy of the company, the town had been named 
Cleaveland as stated by the General, though he was somewhat mod- 
estly averse to that action at first. The present spelling of the name. 




View Foot of Tracy St., 1901 
33 




View from Old Court House, Looking Northwest, 1833. 

however, drops the first " a." This change occurred dviring the hfe 
of the founder and was not agreeable to him. " The town was called 
by my name, C-1-e-a-v-e-l-a-n-d," he said, " and that was the way it 
was spelled, written and printed, until an act of piracy was committed 
on the name by a publisher of a newspaper who, procuring a new head- 
piece for his paper, found it convenient to increase the capacity of his 
iron frame by reducing the number of letters in the name of the city." 
Settlers came again in the spring of 1797, but a year later, some 
of them, owing to the malarial conditions that naturally prevailed, 
went south a 
few miles to a ' 
high ridge and 
founded New- 
burg. This 
reputation for 
sickness and its 
plague of mos- 
quitoes kept 
many intend- 
ing settlers 
away. One 
Connecticut 
clergyman, re- 
turning from 
a visit here, 
told his aston- 

ISnea. pariSn- Corner of Bank and St. Clair Sts., Looking East, 1833. 

34 








View from Old Court House, Looking Northwest, 1901. 

ioners that he had seen " mosquitoes sit on a log and bark," and that 
they were " so large that many of them would weigh a pound." 
When asked to explain (for his yarn had a dubious flavor), he said, 
" Mosquitoes could not sit on a log without sitting on the bark," but 
he did not know how many of them it would take to " weigh a pound " 
— all of which shows that even the stiff clericalism of the day could 
not keep down the natural instincts of a joker, 

Cleveland's first impetus came from the building of the Ohio 

Canal. This 
project sprang 
from the great 
success of the 
Erie Canal in 
developing New 
York, and Ohio 
legisl ators 
thought that a 
similar prosper- 
ity would attend 
one in this state. 
Cleveland was 
fortunate in hav- 
ing one of its 
citizens, Alfred 
Kellv, as canal 
commissioner, 
La.t, i>jzi. and, as most 




Corner of Bank and S r. C 



L.K,KI> 



35 




From au old lithograph. 

View Down the Buffalo Road (Euclid Avenue) to the Public SguARE, 1833. 

of the work was left to him, he succeeded in having it run from 
Cleveland instead of from Sandusky as had been planned. There 
were picturesque ceremonies attending the beginning of work on 
this canal. Very appropriately. Governor De Witt Clinton, the 
father of the Erie Canal, was asked to be the orator of the day, and, 
as a symbol of good luck, he turned the first spadeful of earth. The 
formal opening took place July 7, 1827. 




From ao old oil painting. 

Southwest Corner of the Public Square, 1839 (Showing the Old Court House). 

36 




View Down Euclid Avenue to the Public Square, 1901. 

By the construction of this canal, Cleveland became the principal 
place on Lake Erie and one of vast importance to the interior towns. 
It became the distributing point for all the canal commerce, the vol- 
ume of which was surprisingly large ; then the lake trade began to 
assume proportions of importance. Other improvements came in its 




Southwest Corner of the Plrlh- Sc^uakr, 1901. 



37 




^Mir-. 



».«*<^' 







View from Brooklyn Heights, Looking East, 1833. 



train. At this time, 1825, a heavy bar impeded navigation at the 
mouth of the river, and it was seen that a better channel must be 
made for this new commerce. Congress gave 1^5,000 and a pier was 
built 600 feet into the lake, some distance from the mouth of the 
Cuyahoga, in the hope that it would stop the drifting sand. This 
proved of no value, and it was determined to make a new channel for 
the river. Another pier was built parallel to the first, but farther 
east, and a deep trench was dug between them. Then a dam was 
made at the mouth of the old river and the water washed a new 
channel which has since been used. 

The prosperity cited above, while mainly that of Cleveland, 
was shared, of course, by Brooklyn, the town on the other side of 
the Cuyahoga. Both were anxious for city charters, but Brooklyn 
was the first to succeed. It was incorporated March 3, 1836, as Ohio 
City, while Cleveland followed two days later. This intensified the 
rivalry between the two towns and the ill feeling was further aggra- 
vated by the celebrated " Bridge War," which occurred not long after. 

Jas. S. Clark and other capitalists laid out an allotment in Ohio 
City in 1837 which they called Willeyville. In order to make it 
convenient of access to Cleveland, they built a bridge across the river 
at Columbus street, a most imposing structure, that costal 5,000. 
This allotment was in the southern part of Ohio City and it was soon 
seen that all the traffic that used to come to that city would be 
diverted to Cleveland, and Ohio City would be ruined. 

Ohio City people tried to blow up the bridge one night and, 
this proving unsuccessful, they dug a deep ditch at their end of it to 

38 




S«(S&W 




View from Brooklyn Hkk.hts, Looking East, 1901. 

make approach impossible. Finally, an army of one thousand men, 
a few from adjoining towns, met to destroy it. Many ot them were 
armed. The excitement ran so high, and the feeling of the righteous- 
ness of the attack was so universal, that a Presbyterian clergyman, the 
Rev. Mr. Pickans, not only prayed for help on the attack, but per- 
sonally took part in it. Cleveland, however, was not idle. An 
ancient cannon was loaded and drawn down to a position where it 
could rake the bridge. A military company supported it. Before 
hostilities commenced, the mayor of Cleveland met the invaders and 
advised them to peace. He was violently stoned. Then the Ohio 
City mob let down the movable apron at their end of the bridge, and 
thus sheltered from bullets, began the work of destruction. Upon 
this the militia made a charge and a spirited fight ensued. In the 
excitement, an Ohio City man slipped up to the old cannon and 
spiked it with a file. F.ven then it was certain that many would have 
been killed, but the sheriflF of Cuyahoga county and Cleveland's 
marshal appeared, stopped the fight in the name of the law, and took 
possession of the bridge. The matter was afterwards peaceably set- 
tled in the courts. 

There was still envy between the two cities, however, and it kept 
up until 1853, when the question of the amalgamation of Ohio City 
with Cleveland was submitted to the voters of both cities and carried 
by a large majority. At this time Cleveland had a population of 
17,034 and Ohio City 3,950. In 1837 the panic came which set back 
the then-building railway interests of the city for many years. Charters 
had been granted to the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Rail- 

*. 39 



way, and to the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburg Railway in 1836, 
and it was the intention of the men behind them to set to work on 
their construction at once. The advantage to Cleveland would have 
been enormous, but the projects slumbered until 1845, when the leg- 
islature again granted the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati road 
a charter. Nothing hindered construction and early in 1851 the first 
train, flamboyant with decorations, steamed gaily into the city. The 
same year the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburg Company received 
a fresh charter and before the new year it had built seventy-five miles 
of its Hne. In 1846 charters were granted to the Junction Railway 
and to the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railw^ay and they were 
merged into the Cleveland and Toledo in 1 853. The Cleveland and 
Erie was started in 1852 and the Cleveland and Mahoning built as far 
as Youngstown in 1857. From these humble beginnings Cleveland's 
immense railway business has sprung. They were the first tiny 
threads in that vast spiderweb of iron which now enmeshes Cleveland. 
Cleveland had its first "strike" in 1840. A contractor, work- 
ing for Ohio City, was engaged in connecting the old river bed with 
the Cuyahoga river. His men got seventy-five cents a day. They 
demanded more, struck, stoned the men who took their places and 
finally the militia had to be called out. 

A new era of prosperity began for Cleveland when the Sault 
Ste. Marie Canal was opened, and this was emphasized by the Civil 
war. Singular as it may seem, Cleveland thrived better then than at 
almost any time in her history. Its great iron industries were then 
born ; coal, too, became a large factor in local prosperity and the new 
Cleveland, the one of manufactures, then saw the light. Lake traffic 
increased more than one hundred per cent, too, and the population of 

the city sprang up at a rapid 
rate. 

From this time to the pres- 
ent, save in the panic year of 
1873, Cleveland has known 
nothing but prosperity. Its 
manufactures have increased in 
number and magnitude until 
it is now one of the centers of 
industry of the country ; its 
commerce by land and lake has 
known a phenomenal growth, 
and its population has advanced 
by leaps every decade until the 
last census puts it at 381,768, 
the seventh city in the United 

Superior Street in 1850. otateS 



p-JJiriimmiiiiinf 

m m m ^ % rr^lT' 




40 



Cleveland in the Civil War. 



The echoes from the cannon aimed at Fort Sumter had not 
died away before they were answered by a shot from a Cleveland 
battery, the first one fired on land from the Union side. That 
symbolizes the loyalty and readiness of Cleveland. It gave its men 
quickly and it gave them gladly, for, founded on the stern principles 
of the Puritans, it had a vigorous love of liberty and an abhorrence 
of slavery, that made it and the surrounding " Western Reserve" 
loom up into national importance from the sincerity and the passion 
of its convictions. 

Two of its citizens were war governors — David Tod and 

John Brough 



the leonine 
— mighty men 
among the 
the war devel- 
their presence 
intensified the 
of the people, 
letting down 
spirit. From 
until the last, 
disaster and 
wise restraint 
C 1 eve land 
citizens to its 
and their 
bright in the 
celebrate sol- 
ence and per- 
Space here is 
more than 
the companies 
from this town and Cuyahoga county with such alacrity. 

Attention should be called, however, to this significant fact : 
The federal census of i860 showed Cleveland's population to be 
43,838. Taking in the rest of Cuyahoga county it would probably 
have grown to 50,000. Yet the records on the walls of the Soldiers' 
and Sailors' Monument in the Square, the ofiicial record of the 
county, contain the names of 10,000 residents of Cleveland and 
Cuyahoga county who went to the war. This is a superb showing. 

The Cleveland Grays, which had a history back to 1838, and 




Group from Soldiers' and Sailors' Monumknt. 



these, even 
famous ones 
oped , and 
and counsel 
natural ardor 
There was no 
of this fine 
the first day 
undaunted by 
exercising a 
in victory, 
o ff e red its 
government, 
names are 
annals that 
dierly obedi- 
sonal daring, 
too limited to 
enumerate 
which came 



4t 



which is still in existence, was one of the first companies to volunteer, 
and within sixty hours of the call of the governor for troops it was 
on its way to the capital as Company E of the First Ohio Volunteer 
Infantry. This was quickly followed by the famous Seventh Ohio 
Regiment which was mustered into service but little more than two 
weeks after the firing on Sumter. Cleveland and Cuyahoga county 
furnished eleven field and staff of^cers and three complete companies, 
A, B, and K, with a sprinkling of men in other companies. During 
the period it was in the war, something over three years, 1 800 men 
served in it and less than 300 remained to bring home its tattered 
colors. It is of this regiment that a war historian wrote : " Taking it 
all in all, considering the number of its battles, its marches, its losses, 
its conduct in action, it may be safely said that not a single regiment 
in the United States gained more lasting honor or deserved better of 
its country than the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry." The local 
members of the Eighth Ohio kept up the Cleveland reputation for 
exceptional courage at Gettysburg. The gallant Twenty-third, 
celebrated for the many famous men, including two presidents, that 
graduated from its rank, had two hundred and fifty of the fiower of 
Cleveland on its roster and they made themselves felt, especially in 
the spectacular battle of Cedar creek, where Sheridan made his 
famous ride from Winchester " twenty miles away " and turned the 
tide of battle. 

The undismayed spirit already spoken of, a strong persistence 
inherent in the blood, was shown by Cleveland after the battle of 

Bull Run. Undeterred by that 
disaster that was so terrifying to 
the country, Cleveland immediately 
raised a new regiment, the Forty- 
first, which was given over to the 
command of Captain William B. 
Hazen of the Regular Army. The 
Germans of Cleveland were as 
loyal as those of native birth, and 
many of them, excellent soldiers, 
too, were to be found in the 
Twenty-fourth, the Thirty-seventh, 
Fifty-eighth, and One Hundred 
and Seventh Regiments. Company 
G, of the Forty-second Regiment, 
of which President Garfield was 
colonel, was principally from 
Cleveland and Cuyahoga county. 
Nearly six hundred men of the 
One Hundred and Third Regi- 




Seventh Regiment Monument in W'i.odl.^ni 
Cemetery. 



42 



ment came from Cleveland and its immediate vicinity, and it was a fierce 
participant in many of the hottest fights of the war. Strange to say, 
though, it met with a bad railway accident on its way home to be 
mustered out and three of its men killed, after having passed 
unscathed through the constant dangers of the war. The One 
Hundred and Twenty-fourth was a child of the Western Reserve 
and many Clevelanders were with it as officers and privates. Oliver 
H. Payne was its colonel. Its work at Lookout Mountain 
was especially noteworthv. The One Hundred and Twentv-eighth 
Regiment, which guarded confederate prisoners at Johnson's Island, 
the One Hundred and Fiftieth and the One Hundred and Sixty-ninth 
Regiments which garrisoned Washington in 1864, were also made 
up largely of Cleveland men, Clevelanders were in the One 
Hundred and Seventy-seventh Ohio, also, and in fact so general was 
the martial spirit that there was not a regiment mustered in the state 
which did not contain men from the banks of the Cuyahoga. Cleveland 
also contributed largely to the independent companies of sharp- 
shooters which Governor Tod recruited. 

The Second Cavalry, which was made up almost exclusively from 
Cleveland and the Western Reserve, and was noted for the social 
prominence of its members, had a most picturesque career. It 
fought Choctaws in Indian Territory, Quantrell's guerillas in Mis- 
souri, and was a large factor in the chase and capture of Morgan, the 
raider. It followed him for twelve hundred miles through three 
states, marching twenty-four hours a day. Cleveland was also rep- 
resented in the Sixth and Tenth Cavalry Regiments. 

It has already been stated that a Cleveland battery fired the first 
shot for the Union and it now only remains to note that this was the 
First Ohio Light Artillery which went to the front on only two days' 
notice. It was commanded by Colonel James Barnett, now General 
Barnett, the honored head of the executive committee having the 
local affairs of this encampment in charge. It was at Philippi, West 
Virginia, that the historic gun was discharged. A number of 
independent batteries drew upon Cleveland for material. There was 
the Ninth Independent Battery, of which Edwin Cowles, the founder 
of the Leader, was sergeant and afterwards 
second lieutenant. Then there was the 
Nineteenth Battery, familiarly known as 
Shield's Battery, which did noble work, and 
the Twentieth, of which Louis Smithnight 
was captain. Both of these 
batteries owed most of their 
members to this city. Fifteen 
colored men also enlisted 

from Cleveland. They were Captureh CoNncnERATE Cannon, in public square. 

43 





Central Armory. 



members of the Fifth United States Colored Infantry, a regiment 
which had the terrible record of the loss of three hundred and forty- 
two killed and wounded out of a total force of five hundred and 
fifty-nine. 

While the women of the nation did not fight its battles or 
suffer the daily hardships of the march or the privations of the 
camp, they did glorious work in enheartening the men at the front 
with their prayers, their love, and their sustaining sympathy — so 
precious to the homesick soldiers — and with a material aid without 
which the story might have had a different ending. And all this in 
spite of the anguish that daily tore them ; perhaps, because of it. 
They went about, the brave, unselfish women, whom pen cannot 
celebrate too lovingly, with sad and anxious hearts. Many who 
labored sought surcease of sorrow this way, or made their own 
private griefs stepping-stones to a holier love of country. 

In no place, be it said with all candor and modesty, were the 
women of the land more alive to the sacred responsibilities of the 



44 



work which the holy struggle had laid upon them or more prompt 
or aggressive in performing it, than here in Cleveland, April 20th, 
1 86 1, just five days after President Lincoln made his first call fi3r 
troops, the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio was organized by 
the patriotic women of this city and from that time until the close of 
the war, through alternating hope and gloom, there was not a day 
when it was not a power of good in the land or when its members 
were not at their posts giving of their strength and their 
tenderness and meeting all the complex demands of the situation with 
that intuitive grasp which is at once the mystery and the glory of 
womankind. Its officers were: Mrs. B. Rouse, president; Mary 
Clark Brayton, secretary ; and Ellen F. Terry, treasurer. 

To us of today, which is justly called the age of women, such a 
thing would hold no wonderment, and, perhaps, little praise. We 
know so well the woman of our time and her capabilities that we are 
no longer startled by them. But these were women, gently born 
and tenderly reared, whom social conditions kept aloof from the 
activities of the world. Indeed, in that respect they were practically 
cloistered. 

Yet see what they did. Beginning in a way purely feminine 
and continuing so in a degree, for the society in all the crowded 

years of its existence had 
no form of membership 
and no written pledge to 
hold its members together 
— what masculine affair 
could have been so born 
or so thrived — it grew in 
business methods and in 
smoothness and celerity of 
organization until man 
himself could not have 
improved upon it. 

These women, hitherto 
unskilled in the ways of 
the world, grew wiser even 
than their generation. 
Thev planned in scores 
of successful ways, they 
bargained like peddlers, 
and they even went 
into manufacturing when 
they could not obtain 
the terms they wished 
on a desired article. They 




AkMdRV. 



45 



started and operated a concentrated beef factory on Merwin street 
which made 155,000 pounds of condensed beef soup at less than half 
the price they would have had to pay for it. 

The great work of the Soldiers' Aid Society, however, was the 
Sanitary Fair, which it organized and carried to such a glorious ending. 
Taking into consideration the size of Cleveland, it was then less than 
50,000, the fair here was the most successful of all the long list of 
similar events. It opened February 22, 1864, with a grand military 
display and an eloquent speech by Gen. Garfield, and closed March 
loth. In that short space of time, so keen were those in charge, 
so generous were the patrons, that over one hundred thousand dollars 
were taken in. The expenses were less than a quarter of this sum 
and so the fair, which was undertaken with such forebodings, netted 
the energetic women and their society eighty thousand dollars. 

It should be noted in this connection as a circumstance most 
eloquent of the generositv and patriotism of Cleveland and Northern 
Ohio, that in spite of this vast sum which was at the disposal of the 
society, its collections the last months of its existence were as large 
and as spontaneous as during the excitement of the early days. 

Unless his attention is particularly directed to it, as in the 
present case, the soldier visitor will not notice that one name is 

savagely gouged out from the list 
of those who built the Old Court 
House on the Square and chiseled 
on its corner-stone. Back of it is 
a story which shows the temper 
of Cleveland patriots which is well 
worth the telling : The architect 
was a Southern sympathizer, and 
when the news of Lincoln's assassi- 
nation reached Cleveland he rejoiced 
in the foul deed and openly said that 
" it served him d — d right." Within 
an instant he was surrounded by a 
crowd of justly incensed loyal citizens 
bent on his death. Brave men 
rescued him, at the peril of their own 
lives, and shipped him from town. 
But as a measure of detestation of 
his speech and as an indelible record 
of Cleveland's high sense of patri- 
otism, his name was immediately 
chiseled from the edifice he planned. 
rr D iv/. The mute stone is more eloquent 

Twenty-third Regiment Monument in tL 

Woodland Cemetery. than a thoUSand tOngUeS. 

46 




Cleveland in Other Wars. 



Cleveland's share in other wars should not be forgotten. So far 
as that of 1812 is concerned, it was more that of an excitable spectator 
than an eager participant. One incident, however, gained it a vicarious 
lory. This has been told in story and sung in song the countrv 



over, and Cleve- 
perpetuated it in 
"Perry 's victory," 
which ranges itself 
fights of the ages, 
perhaps nothing 
glorious naval his- 
States, the uncon- 
and the bull-dog 
" hearts of oak " 
vessels of that 
Cleveland 
noises that his- 
loth, 1 8 13. The 
sky was clear. It 
thunder of a dis- 
denly, Levi John- 
the first court 
down his tools and 
fighting the 
one accord, Cleve- 
work and its do- 
hurried to the 
to listen. The 
wards turned out, 
away, but the clear 
ders of the can- 




PeRRY AloNUMENT. 



land itself has 
stone. This was 
a naval battle 
with the great sea 
and celebrates, as 
else in the entire 
tory of the United 
cern, the daring 
persistency of the 
who manned the 
famous fleet, 
heard s trange 
toric September 
sun was high, the 
could not be the 
tant storm. Sud- 
son, then building 
house, threw 
cried: "It's Perry 
British." With 
land gave up its 
mestic duties and 
bank of the lake 
fight, as it after- 
was seventy miles 
air bore the thun- 



nonading even 

down to Erie, over a hundred and fifty miles away. Perry's guns 
were known and their deep boom was waited for to tell the tale of 
the fight. The noise of other guns soon filled up the harmony of 
the battle. At length, these English guns died out one by one, 
and only the sub-bass notes of Perry's cannon were heard. Then 
the waiting citizens, whose nerves had been strung almost to hysteria, 
knew that the victory had gone to the Americans and their thankful- 
ness and joy knew no bounds. It could not have been more intense 
if they had known all the brave details of that wonderful fight, and 

47 




Presentation of Flags to Volunteers Departing kor Cuba. 



particularly that glorious scene which puts a lump in the throat even 
now as one recalls it : where Perry was rowed from his burning 
flagship, the Lawrence, to the Niagara. Standing erect, in proud 
disdain of the bullets and the round shot that the enemy aimed 
at him, Perry is even a finer, braver figure than Washington in 
his ice-surrounded bateau crossing the Delaware. And his brave 
little midshipman brother, clasping Perry's hand in all-absorbing 
love and confidence, is the crowning touch of human interest and 
tenderness that makes the picture as pretty a one as the annals of 
war at any time in any nation can produce. 

Captain D. L. Wood raised a company in Cleveland for the 
Mexican war, but when ready for service, Ohio's quota was declared 
full. Later, however, a company went from this city under Captain 
John S. Perry. 

History repeated itself locally in the Spanish-American war. 
Cleveland's response to the call for troops was relatively as ready and 
as valuable as in the dark days of the Rebellion. There was not the- 
need for the frenzied onrush of recruits that made Cleveland's place in 
the history of the Civil war such a prominent one, but even at this, it 

contributed a far greater 

percentage of Ohio's 
quota than was its just due. 
The Cleveland Chamber 
of Commerce gave a fine 
stand of colors to every 
departing detachment. 

48 




Captured Cannon, 
FROM Spanish Bat- 
tleship ViSCAYA. 



The Garfield Monument. 



Although James A. Garfield lived at Mentor, a little village 
about twenty-five miles east of this city, he was a familiar figure here, 
and in a way, Cleveland claimed, and he acknowledged, a sonship. 
Besides, the beauty of Lake View Cemetery and its holy calm ap- 
pealed most strongly to his ardent, imaginative nature, and he often 
said that he wished to 



t 



lie there. This was 
remembered after 
his unhallowed tak- 
ing off and his body 
was brought to 
Cleveland for the last 
sad offices. 

The funeral train 
reached Cleveland 
f r o m Washington, 
Saturday, September 
24, 1 88 1, and the 
body taken to a 
catafalque which had 
been erected in the 
Square. There it 
remained in state 
until Monday. On 
Sunday morning, me- 
morial services were 
held in all the city 
churches. The funeral 
services were held 
Monday morning at 

the catafalque and many of the most distinguished men of the nation 
were in sorrowing attendance. Then the body was taken to Lake 
View Cemetery and placed in a private vault where it was guarded 
night and day by soldiers of the Regular Army until it was given its 
final resting place in the magnificent memorial erected by the nation. 
The moment it was decided that Garfield would be buried at 
Lake View Cemetery, a number of citizens set about raising funds 
from the country at large for a monument that would set forth, in 
imperishable stone and bronze, the love his country had for its 
martyr President. The magnitude of the work demanded, however, 

49 




The Garh£ld Monument. 



a more systematic proceed- 
ing than these gentlemen 
could give it, and so in 
1882, the Garfield Na- 
tional Monument As- 
sociation was duly incor- 
porated. Governor Charles 
B. Foster, ex-President 
Rutherford B. Hayes, and 
Senator Henry B. Payne 
were among its members. 
This association succeeded 
in raising the necessary 
money, some 1 150,000, in 
a short time. Of this 
amount, Cleveland gave 
175,000, and Ohio 
^14,000 more. The re- 
mainder came from the 
other states\of the Union 
in such proportion that 
they all have a pardonable 
sense of possession. 

A committee of which 
John Hay, now Secretary 
of State, but then a pri- 
vate citizen of Cleveland, 
was a member, invited 
competitive plans. More 
than fitty designs were sub- 
mitted and Calvert Vaux, 
of New York, and Henry Van Brunt, of Boston, the most eminent 
architects in the land, selected the design of George Keller, of 
Hartford, Conn., as by far the best. Their decision was formally 
ratified on July 21, 1883. Work started in 1885, and soon a rumor 
filled the air that the foundations were insecure. F'xaminations by 
local experts, and by General McAlpine, of New York, the leading 
authority of the land on foundations, showed that this fear was 
entirely groundless. In spite of this, however, the committee, in 
1886, changed the design so as to reduce the weight, by lopping off 
60 feet from the height of the tower, leaving it 165, and substituting 
a conical roof for the castellations of the original plan. Mr. Keller 
claimed that these changes detracted from the dignity of his design. 
Nevertheless, the monument has a massive splendor and a stateliness 
of outline that mark it as one of the most impressive in the country. 

• 50 




James A. Garfield. 



It was formally dedicated on May 30, i 890. President Harrison, 
Vice-President Levi P. Morton, ex-President Hayes, dignitaries of the 
army and navy, and a host of other distinguished men were present. 
The ceremonies were simple, but touching in the extreme, all the 
speakers celebrating Garfield for his services to the country in war and 
peace, for his broad statesmanship and his noble personal character. 

By unanimous action, the most beautiful spot in this picturesque 
cemetery was assigned as a site for the monument. Its shape, for the 
most part, is that of a tower fifty feet in diameter. The tower is 
flanked by a broad stone terrace to which graceful flights of steps 
lead. A Romanesque porch supports this tower. Below the railing 
of the porch there is an external decoration, a frieze of historical char- 
acter, showing in its five panels characteristic scenes in Garfield's 
eventful life. The great doors of oak open into a vestibule vaulted 
in stone and paved with mosaic. From this, spiral staircases ascend 
the tower and descend to the crypt. In this crypt is the casket con- 
taining the coffin, solid, indestructible and a complete protection from 
vandal thieves. Opening from the vestibule is the chamber where 
the statue, by Alexander Doyle of New York, stands. This admirable 
work of art shows Garfield 
in the House of Repre- 
sentatives. He has just 
risen to speak and the pose 
is a very natural one. The 
chair is an exact represen- 
tation of the one he used 
so long in Congress. This 
statue is of Carrara marble, 
twelve feet high, and stands 
on a base of black marble. 
Over the statue, supported 
by granite columns, is a 
dome twenty-two feet in 
diameter, which is decor- 
ated with a marvelous frieze 
of Venetian glass, much the 
finest thing in the country, 
showing an allegorical fu- 
neral procession of the dead 
President. The tower has 
thirteen magnificent me- 
morial windows from the 
thirteen original states. 
The monument is built of 
native sandstone. interior of Monumknt. 




51 



Cleveland's "Federal Plan" Government. 



The chance question of a school girl gave Cleveland its present 
form of government. " Why not govern cities the way the United 
States are governed ? " she asked. This idea was instantly seized 



upon by the pub 
zen to whom it 
and it was made 
tation, lasting 
which induced 
lature, in 1891, 
what is familiarly 
" Federal Plan" 
Previous to this 
been an irregular 
disjointed sys- 
growth of the 
England " town 
which the first 
here. I n the 
Cleveland this 
ably, but it 
inadequate but 
applied to the 
of a big city, 
little individual 
the power of 




HON. TOM L. JOHNSON, 

Mayor of Cleveland. 



lie-spirited citi- 
was addressed 
the basis of agi- 
nearly five years, 
the state legis- 
to give this city 
known as the 
government, 
time, there had 
and somewhat 
tem, the out- 
simple New 
meeting" idea 
settlers brought 
early days of 
worked admir- 
proved not only 
muddling when 
complex affairs 
There was too 
responsibility ; 



government was 
scattered among various officials, boards and comimissions. So it 
was determined to centralize everything as in Washington, and so 
arrange affairs that the public would be able to put its finger on the 
one deserving man in case of either praise or blame. 

The new charter made a clean-cut distinction between legislative 
and executive functions. It provided that the legislative power 
should be vested in a Council consisting of twenty members, since 
increased to twenty-two, elected by districts, each of whom should 
serve two years. 

The executive power is placed in the hands of the Mayor, the 
Police Judges, Police Prosecutor and Police Clerk, and City 
Treasurer, all of whom are chosen by the people at regular elections. 
This law also established six departments — Public Works, Police, 
Fire, Accounts, Law, and Correction and Charities — the heads of 
which, officially termed Directors, are appointed by the Mayor, 



52 



subject to the approval of the Council. They, in turn, appoint their 
subordinates whom they can remove, except for political reasons, 
save in the case of a member of the Fire Department or the Police 
Department, who cannot be dismissed without a private trial before 
his own Director or a public one before a tribunal consisting of the 
Mayor, Director of Lav/, and President of the Council. 

The Mayor has the power to remove any officer appointed by 
him, but such order of removal must be in writing. At any time, 
and without notice, he may appoint three disinterested parties, only 
two of whom shall be of the same political party, to examine the 
affairs of any department or officer. He can also, when so minded, 
assume entire control of the police and fire forces of the city. When 
he is absent, or unable to perform the duties of his office, the 
Director of Law becomes Acting Mayor, or the Director of Public 
Works, Fire, PoHce, Accounts, and Charities and Correction in the 
order named. 

The principal city officers at the present time are : Mayor, 
Tom L. Johnson ; City Treasurer, George P. Kurtz ; Director of 
Law, Madison W. Beacom ; Director of Public Works, Charles P. 
Salen ; Director of PoHce, Charles W. Lapp ; Director of Fire, 
Herbert H. Hyman ; Director of Accounts, James P. Madigan; 
Director of Charities and Correction, Rev. Harris R. Cooley ; 
President of the City Council, Dr. George C. Ashmun ; City Clerk, 
Charles W. Toland. 

The schools alsa are operated under the " Federal Plan," The 
Director of Schools is Thomas H. Bell; Superintendent of Instruction, 
L. H. Jones; 
President of the 
School Council, 
Wm, T. Clark ; 
Clerk o f the 
School Council, 
Geo. L. Myers. 
The two Po- 
lice Judges are 
Wm. F. Fied- 
ler and Thos. 
M. Kennedy. 

The Clerk of 
the Police 
Court is A. B. 
Honecker, and 
the Police 
Prosecutor i s 
Geo. Shindler. 




City Hall. 



53 



Cleveland's Schools and Colleges. 

• • • • • 

When Cleveland started its first school there were just three 
families here and five children. This is the incident above all others 
in pioneer history that the intelligent citizen loves to dwell upon, for 
it shows an early love for learning. He is fond, too, of recalling the 
time, only a few years later, when fifteen of the leading citizens un- 
wound the yarn from around their pocketbooks and made a purse of 
1 1 98. 70 — mark the exactness of the sum, it is typical — so that Cleve- 
land children could have the training the town was too poor to give them. 
These two things tell the story of our schools. It is the same 
today, as it was a century ago, simply on a larger scale. There is a 
similar craving for knowledge and a like financial generosity. Between 
them, supplemented largely, of course, by the high degree of youthful 
intelligence, Cleveland schools have become what they are, the mod- 
els for the country. They have always had a supremacy of one sort 
or another. Cleveland had the first high school in the West and one 
of the first in the country. 

It was not, however, until Andrew J. -Rickoff came here and put 
the schools on the rails over which they still so smoothly glide that 
the country at large came to cast its eyes in this direction when it 
wanted innovation and improvement in its educational work. Other 
lands, too, felt the impulse and regeneration of what might be termed 
the Cleveland movement, and when Sir Charles Reed, chairman of 
the school board of London, came to this country in 1876 on a tour 

of investigation, this 
was one of the first 
cities he visited. He 
made a most thorough 
study of local methods, 
and was so charmed 
with them that he de- 
clared in the official 
report he made on his 
return that " no single 
city in the United 
States is superior to 
Cleveland in the qual- 
ity and method of its 
work." 

It is not too much 

Central Manual Training School, tO Say, and it is Hght 

54 





CtN i KAL High Slhl 



to say it, too, that the im- 
press of Cleveland meth- 
ods, Cleveland courses of 
study, and Cleveland prac- 
tices in discipline, are found 
in schools all over the land. 
Sometimes the debt is 
acknowledged ; more often 
it is ignored, but it is due 
just the same. For many 
years, Cleveland has been 
the Mecca of the thought- 
ful, progressive teacher, 
and no one with eyes to 
see and brains to under- 
stand ever went away emp- 
ty-handed. If the sys- 
tem were all for exhibition 
and advertising purposes, 
then the glory would be 
bought too dearly by the 
tax-payers. It is effective, 
though ; it produces results and Cleveland scholarship is a standard 
the country over. 

Going into detail in the small way which always interests the 
visitor, it should be noted that Cleveland has 1,268 teachers and 
45,000 pupils. In 1900, it cost 11,208,276.07 to run the schools, a 
per capita of 1 19.73 P^'' P^pilj the smallest in the country. Cleve- 
land's school buildings are 76 in number, divided as follows : one 
normal training school, five high schools, three manual training 
schools, one school for deaf mutes and sixty-six graded schools. 
Besides this, there are twenty-four kindergartens, but these are 
housed in the other buildings. The value of this school property is 

^4,950'507- 

To step from a consideration of Cleveland's schools to its col- 
leges is the most natural thing in the world. It is true that this city 
did not enter upon this higher form of education until in comparatively 
recent years, but then it was under such fortunate auspices of money 
and the highest quality of pedagogic spirit that its Western Reserve 
University and its Case School stand well in the front with the 
great ones of the country in the variety and thoroughness of their 
teaching. 

Western Reserve University is the successor of old Western 
Reserve College, which was founded in Hudson, about twenty-five 
miles south of Cleveland, in 1826. It would probably be there 



55 




Adelbert College 



Still, a gentle influence in the big world of learning, but for the 
grief and generosity of a Cleveland millionaire, Amasa Stone. He 
built Adelbert College for it, as a memorial of his son Adelbert 
Stone, who was drowned in the Connecticut river while a student 
at Yale. The 
solitary condi- 
tion imposed by 
Mr. Stone, the 
removal of the 
college to 
Cleveland, was 
eagerly com- 
plied with, and 
the institution 
he had given a 
great fortune 
became known 
as Adelbert 
College of 
Western Re- 
serve UnlverS- Hatch Library. 




56 




Clark Hall, College for Women. 



ity. This was in 1882, and since then other departments have been 
added from time to time, until now it has a medical school, a law 
school, a dental school, a gradv.r.te school, and, what is more to the 
purpose of universal education, a College for Women. 

Adelbert College is located, in fitting scholastic quiet, on Kuclid 
avenue, just opposite Wade Park. On its spacious campus, in addi- 
tion to the college buildings proper, are its dormitories, its gymna- 
sium, the artistic Y. M. C. A. building, and the beautiful library given 
to the college by H. R. Hatch, one of Cleveland's foremost citizens 
and a man ardently interested in the welfare of the college. The law 
school is on Adelbert street, the eastern boundary of the college 
property, and the College for Women buildings, three in number, 
including beautiful Clark Hall and a handsome new memorial chapel 
built by her relatives in memory of the late Mrs. Florence Hartness 
Severance, are in the same general neighborhood, adjoining the east- 
ern limits of Wade Park. 

The generosity of the late Leonard Case, Jr. , gave to Cleveland, 
in 1 880, Case School of Applied Science, an institution only surpassed in 
the thoroughness of its work and the variety and value of its courses 
by the Boston Institute of Technology, admittedly the first in the land. 
Had fortune been kind enough to give him health — he had about 










Z- M. 


^ " SB I? 


t "i 


fe %\\i iii 


<ik 


sa, ■?! ui 




Case School of Applied Science. 

all the other gifts at her disposal — Mr. Case would have been one 
of the foremost mathematicians of his age. As it was, he did a great 
deal of fine work along this line in an amateur way, and despite the 
terrible handicap of daily pain and weakness. Naturally, then, when 
the desire of founding a school that would most benefit the youth of 
Cleveland seized upon him, he determined upon one of a purely 
technical nature. 

The Ursuline Convent is one of the oldest educational institutions 
in the city and has 
a reputation far be- 
yond its borders. 
It has large and 
handsome build- 
ings on Willson 
avenue at the cor- 
ner of Scovill. It 
also has a boys' 
school on the lake 
shore at Notting- 
ham, about ten 
miles east of 
Cleveland, a spot 
almost ideal in its 

Deauty. Entrance to Ursuline School for Bovs. 

58 




Commercial Cleveland. 



A casual glance at the mercantile part of the city will show how 
well Cleveland's business blocks have kept pace in size, solidity, and 
perfect adaptability for their purposes with the growth of the city. 
Not only there, however, may this be noticed. Scattered throughout 
the town, at all those sporadic little spots where trade has broken 
out among the 
ings will b e 
large enough 
enough to be 
like Aladdin's 
right down in 
of the business 

As a mat- 
Cleveland i s 
plied up to its 
fice, commer- 
f a c t u r i n g 
a little ahead 
mand. This, 
result of a bit 
that was, in a 
ly bought, 
years brought 
prosperity to 
alone in mere 
the activities 
these dollars, 
were not 
enough to 
house all these 
If it had been 




homes, build- 
found that are 
and fine 
caught up, 
palace, and set 
the very midst 
world. 

ter of f a c t , 
not only sup- 
needs with of- 
cial and manu- 
blocks, but is 
of the de- 
however, is the 
of experience 
way, too dear- 
The past ten 
so much of 
Cleveland, not 
dollars, but in 
which make 
that there 
buildings 



Entkance to New England Building. 



properly 
industries, 
simply a 

boom, it would not have mattered. A boom argues a rank, weedy, 
unsubstantial growth. This was a legitimate one, though it was 
phenomenally big. It stayed and every year added to it at compound 
interest. It is still going on at this gratifying ratio. The city will 
not be taken unawares again, and in addition to the present supply 
and the monstrous skyscrapers now in process of construction, a 
number of even bigger ones are in the hands of the architects. 

Cleveland's blocks are much the finest in the state and will com- 
pare favorably with the best of the other great cities in the land. In 

59 



one or two it surpasses them and flings down a challenge to the Old 
World which it has not dared to pick up. 

One of these superlative buildings is the Cleveland Arcade, to 
give its full title, which runs from Euclid avenue to Superior street, 
a distance of some 400 feet, and has a frontage of 132 feet on EucHd 
avenue and 180 on Superior street. It is ten stories high at each 
end, but the arcade proper, which connects these two buildings, is 
only five stofies in height. The city has, also, another arcade, the 
Colonial, which would be exalted in any other town, but which is 
compelled to take second place here. 

Cleveland also owns, in the Sheriff Street Market, the largest 
and most complete market house, ice factory and cold storage plant 
in the world. This is a curious structure, built something on the 
exposition plan. It is covered with a mammoth glass roof, and 
surmounted in the center with a great dome. 

In addition there are the Williamson block, which towers higher 
than anv building in the state ; the monster Rose building, the 

largest of Ohio 
structures; the 
A Stately New Eng- 

land building ; the 
costly home of the 
Society for Sav- 
ings, which has 
both beauty and 
solidity ; its neigh- 
bor, the Chamber 
of Commerce 
building, graceful 
and airy in the 
French style ; the 
dignified Masonic 
Temple; the 
Hickox building, 
with its metropol- 
itan elegance ; the 
substantial Caxton 
building, where the 
printing trades 
center ; the mag- 
n i fi c e n t Perry- 
Payne building; 
the handsome Y. 
M.C.A. building, 
admirably adapted 




)KiNG UF Bond Street from Superior. 
60 




»i^nw. 



rr w v: ^ fa i? W 




Y. M. C. A. Building. 



for its purpose ; the Garfield building, the American Trust, and a 
score of others which advertise the wealth and the good laste of the city. 

Cleveland's post-office is a fine specimen of the sober 
architecture in which the Fed- 
eral government delights. It is 
much too small, however, for 
the needs of Cleveland and 
work will begin on a magnifi- 
cent new building in a few 
months. 

The pulse of a city is its 
banking business. The wise doc- 
tor of finance counts it and knows 
the true condition of his patient. 
By this test, Cleveland will be 
found in most robust health 
today. It has always been so. 
From the moment it first saw the 
light, it was the sturdiest of in- 
fants. In all its days it has 
never known a disastrous bank 
failure, and it passed through 
those trying days of 1873, when 
institutions of historic solidity 

went down like card houses all Citizens' Savings Sc Loan Building. 




61 




over the country, without a single one of its banks going to the wall. 

It is true that Cleveland's first bank, the Commercial Bank of 
Lake Erie, which was 
started in 1816, sus- 
pended operations for 
a short time, but that 
was due, so at least the 
superstitious of that 
time said, to the fact 
that it had thirteen di- 
rectors. Cleveland 
then had a population 
of 500, its entire real 
estate was valued at 
125,000, and the bank 
was capitalized at 
$500,000. 

A fine sense of cau- 
tion, almost an over- 
conscientiousness, ani- 
mated these early offi- 
cers, and a kindred ' "'" 

conservatism has been Masonic Temple. 




62 



the controlling policy of local bankers ever since. With such an 
anchor to windward, it is not strange that Cleveland banks constantly 
ride out storms which bring destruction to stronger craft managed with 
less financial seamanship. Even now, when the phenomenal growth 
of the city in wealth, influence, and in the variety and extent of its 
business interests, demands a more aggressive policy, the banks have 
not departed from their wise methods. There is nothing hectic about 
their operations. Their activity — and they are active and progress- 
ive — is always well within their own financial strength. Of late, 
there has been a great increase in trust companies, whose charters, 
admitting of a wider and more profitable range of business than was 
possible to the earlier institutions, might be apt to lead into specula- 
tive courses, but these are conducted as sanely and as safely as their 
less ambitious predecessors. 

There has also been a vigorous multiplication o{ savings institu- 
tions throughout the city and statistics will show that the percentage 
of this growth is larger in Cleveland than in any other monetary cen- 
ter. Indeed, so numerous have they become that there is hardly a 
section of the 
city, even in 
the residential 
regions, where 
business has 
taken a foot- 
hold, in which a 
new savings 
bank will not be 
found. This 
is as eloquent 
of Cleveland's 
thrift as its 
progress. In 
this respect a 
city is like an 
individual. 
What it saves, 
not what it 
earns, consti- 
tutes p r o s - 
perity. 

In 1890, 
Cleveland had 
31 banks, na- 
tional and 
state. Today 




the number is ^2' Their 
capital, in round numbers, 
has grown from ^10,000,- 
000 to 1 1 8,000,000, and 
their deposits from ^51,- 
000,000 to 1156,000,000. 
This shows that the ex- 
pansion of business, while 
productive of this large 
number of new banks, has 
been largely taken care of 
by the older institutions. 
Taking the past decade 
as a basis, the statistics 
of the local banking busi- 
ness show that the growth 
during that time has been 
far greater than during the 
entire history of Cleveland 
prior to 1890, or, in other 
words, that the business of 
today is nearly three times as large as it was ten years ago. The show- 
ing has been little short of marvelous, and indicates to what extent Cleve- 
land has become one of the great financial centers of the United States. 




Entrance to Williamson Building. 




The Superior Street Viaduct. 



64 



Cleveland's Libraries. 

• • • • • 

When Moses Cleveland and his surveying party came, they 
brought with them, in addition to the historic jug of whiskey used to 
celebrate Independence Day, 1796, a few highly-prized books and a 
desire for more that has never left their descendants. 

In 1 846, a number of public-spirited men organized the Cleve- 
land Library Association. This led a precarious existence for a 
time, for, even with all their love of books, Clevelanders were still 
too poor for such a luxury. It struggled along, however, until the 
late Leonard Case, Jr., himself a bookish man with a pretty talent 
for poetry, lifted it above grinding want by a gift of |20,ooo. Its 
name was then changed to Case Library in deserved compliment to 
its benefactor. He continued his good work by giving Case Library 
the building and land on which the library is located. 

The Cleveland Public Library holds a very high place among 
similar institutions throughout the country. Considering its size, it 
is as good as any, tor its methods are advanced in every particular, and 
in some especial features it is so far ahead of Its time that it is a 
model for even the best of other libraries. Its chief design is to 
make its books of direct practical value to the people, and to that 
end there is not a daily happening of any possible value but what 
it is bulletined on the big boards of the library with information as to 
what books will best educate on the subject. The shelves of the 
library are open to readers, who are enabled thereby to make 
intelligent selection. This privilege is very seldom abused. 

Another library, 
which no visitor should 
let escape him, is that 
of the Western Re- 
serve Historical As- 
sociation, which occu- 
pies its own fine new 
building at the corner 
of Euclid avenue and 
Fairmount street. This 
is especially rich in 
books, pamphlets and 
local newspapers, but 
its chief interest to the 
intelligent visitor will be 

Western Reserve Historical Association. the TelicS of earlv timeS. 

65 





Ore Docks on 



Iron Ore That is Golden. 



It has already been stated that the greatest factor in the develop- 
ment of Cleveland from a small town to one of the principal manu- 
facturing and commercial centers of the world was the opening of the 
Sault Ste. Marie Canal in 1855, Going to the root of things, how- 
ever, it would be truer to say that the wondrous change was wrought 
by the discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior region a decade 
before, which made imperative the improved waterway of the canal. 
The circumstances attending that discovery are interesting enough to 
be briefly given here, especially when one remembers the momentous 
bearing the event had not only upon the future of Cleveland, but of 
the entire country. 

In 1844, a party of surveyors under the charge of William A. 
Burt were running township lines in Michigan in the vicinity of Lake 
Superior for the United States government, and, incidentally, were 
scientifically observing the geological formation of the outcropping 
rocks. Mr. Burt was the inventor of the solar compass and a scien- 
tist of note. His attention was directed to the peculiar deflections 
of the needle in the surveying instruments when operations were 
carried on near the present town of Negaunee, Marquette County, 
Michigan. Investigation revealed the fact that the land there was an 
immense bed of iron ore that came to the surface in several places. 
Singular to say, not one of the party looked upon this discovery with 
a practical eye. It was simply an interesting scientific incident. 



66 




Mifes==-=4^5 



THE Cuyahoga River. 



Nothing was said of it when the surveyors returned, and their con- 
nection with the matter was ever after a source of chagrin to them. 
Had they been worldly wise, they would have claimed the land them- 
selves, or, at least, have told the tale to interested ears when they 
came back to civilization again. The next year P. M. Everett, of 
Jackson, Michigan, while in the neighborhood, was told of this deposit 
of ore by the Indians, and he was shrewd enough to see its value and 
proceed to work at once. He opened up the first mine, the Jackson. 
Cleveland heard of the discovery and in 1846 J. Lang Cassells, a 
celebrated scientist, was sent by Cleveland capitalists to look into the 
matter. He met Everett, who was so far from being a "dog in the 
manger" that he told Cassells of another equally rich deposit some 
two miles away, as soon as he learned the standing of the Clevelanders 
back of Cassells. From this has come all of Cleveland's domination 
of the ore business. 

Cleveland has held the controlling interest from that day to this, 
and while naturally gratifying to local pride, it is no idle boast, but u 
matter of official record, that Cleveland has been first in the develop- 
ment of this great industry. , From the first, it has owned most of 
the mines and operated all but a small per cent of them. It has sold 
all the ore, and of the vast fleets of vessels which bring this ore 
down to the mills, over eighty per cent is owned by Cleveland 
capitalists. More than this, the Cleveland district, which embraces 
Ashtabula and Conneaut on the east, and Lorain on the west, which 
Carnegie declared the ideal spot of the world for the manufacture of 
iron and steel, has received fully three-quarters of all the ore that has 

67 





SiPilliiiBll^ 



Panoramic View of 



been taken from the various ranges from 1 845 to the present time. As 
it reached the enormous tonnage of 171,418,984 at the close of 1900, 
the immensity of Cleveland's interest is readily apparent. Last year 
alone the output of the Lake Superior mines was nearly 20,000,000 
tons. 

The Arabian Night-like growth has been due to Cleveland 
capital and the improved business methods which that and Cleveland 
business sagacity brought about. The primitive means of mining 
and shipping were discarded quickly when invention could better 
them. Or, rather, invention was harnessed for the purpose of this 
betterment. Where men were alone employed for mining, machinery 
has now stepped in and perfected the work. Boats have grown to 
five hundred feet in length with a capacity of six thousand tons. It 
took days to load or unload a boat, — now it is a matter of hours. 

Back of everything, however, has been Cleveland's exceptional 
location. Her money would have availed her naught, had it not been 
used to enhance natural advantages. Cleveland, and the Cleveland 
district, have points in their favor which no other section possesses. 
It is the cheapest meeting-point of the three essentials of iron and steel 
making : ore, fuel, and lime. Year by year, the rates for bringing a 
ton of ore from the mines has been steadily decreasing, until today 
a ton of ore is carried from the head of the lakes to Cleveland, about 
one thousand miles, for less than one dollar. There is nothing which 
approaches such a toll for cheapness in all the world. The bitumi- 
nous coal regions of West Virginia, Ohio, and the western part of 
Pennsylvania, give Cleveland their coal for the lowest price, too, and, 
as for lime, Cleveland has but to reach out its hand and get it. 

With such a start over all its competitors, it is natural that 

68 




'(iii]MiiiM^fi,iiii,»!:MiitrJs 




THE Lake Front. 



Cleveland should occupy the dominating position it does in the iron 
ore business. If one were desirous of moralizing on these things, 
and the space permitted, it would be easy to prove how the money of 
Cleveland has changed the destiny of the nation, and so that of the 
wide, wide world. Iron is the source of every country's material 
greatness, and it is growing more so every year as modern methods of 
production and manipulation increase its use and broaden the world's 
dependency upon it. As was most wisely pointed out the other day 
by Mr. A. J. Moxham, once a Cleveland iron man himself, the use 
of iron growls in algebraic ratio to population. Every year adds to 
its demand in this astounding degree, and so every year the boastful 
Clevelander, if one could be found, could claim a greater share of the 
obligation of the United States to this city for its enterprise in this 
industry. Such claim is not made, however, though all will witness 
its fairness. Cleveland is content with its actual showing and with 
the glories which the future still enticingly holds out. 

Cleveland is not alone preeminent in the handling of the raw 
material. It is one of the great manufacturing iron centers of the 
country. In certain lines it has no equal. More wire and wire nails 
and kindred things are produced in Cleveland than in anv town in 
the world, and improved machinery and enlarged capital are making 
the percentage greater every year. Then it is the head of the malle- 
able iron industry and stands well to the front in all the other multi- 
farious branches of the manufacture of iron. The largest forgings 
in the country are made here, and they are only surpassed the world 
over by those of the famous Krupp works in Germany. In other 
manufacturing lines, Cleveland is equally busy and important. It 
furnishes most of the electrical equipment of the country. 

69 



The Building of Ships. 



• • • • • 

Shipbuilding has always been a distinctive Cleveland industry 
and within the past quarter of a century it has assumed such gigantic 
proportions that this has become the first port in the country in this 
regard. Such preeminence has come about naturally and in almost 
entire obedience to local conditions, for the great percentage of the 
output was for home trade. So soon as trade demanded boats they 
were constructed, and from the first one, Lorenzo Carter's thirty-ton 
schooner " Zephyr," to the unnamed monster ore carrier now in the 
stocks here, they all express this successful meeting of the local con- 
dition. 

Early shipbuilding in Cleveland furnished a Robinson Crusoe- 
like interest from the fact that Levi Johnson, when he built his 
" Pilot " in 1 8 14, went far from the water to the spot where the best 
timber was to be had. This was in a dense forest where the Euclid 
Avenue Opera House now stands. Johnson, however, did not meet 
with Crusoe's fate, for when he had finished his boat, he called upon 
his neighbors, who, with twenty-four yoke of oxen, dragged the 
" Pilot " to the foot of Superior street, where it was successfully 
launched into the Cuyahoga. 

It has already been pointed out how the iron ore business revolu- 
tionized the commerce of Cleveland, and its stimulus has been just 
as great on the shipbuilding industry. As more ore was mined, 
more and larger boats were demanded. The kind, too, modified 
under the conditions of trade, and where once the lakes were white 

with the canvas of the sail- 
■' ing vessels of wood — these 

have almost entirely van- 
ished, and the modern 
freighters of iron have taken 
their place. These are 
limited in size and carrying 
capacity only by the depth 
of the waterways in the 
lakes and the tortuous wind- 
ings of the rivers on which 
all the lower lake re- 
ceiving ports are situated. 
„ . , One or two crafts have 

FrLBo an old pnut 

"Walk in the Water," bceU built with a length of 

The First Steamer on the Lakes. fivC hundred fcCt and a 




70 




- ■ '^srrTSE^'*-*!!??^"*** 



tonnage of nearly seven 
thousand tons. They have 
been found unwieldy, how- 
ever, under present channel 
conditions, and it is with 
the greatest difficulty that 
they could be taken up the 
Cuyahoga here to their 
destined dockage. Until a 
twenty-foot channel is as- 

Fastest Steamer on the Lakes. t i o • 

JLake cjupenor ports to 
Cleveland, the most adaptable length will be about four hundred and 
fifty feet. 

The change from wooden vessels to those of steel also had a 
most invigorating effect on shipbuilding. A wooden vessel was a 
more or less hazardous business enterprise. Its life was only twenty- 
five years and its value lessened with a percentage that was alarming 
to the investor. A steel vessel, however, is practically indestructible, 
and to construct and manage one is a conservative business 
enterprise. 

It follows, then, that with the vast amount of unemployed capital 
in the country, this condition of affairs should be taken wise advantage 
of. One of the first men to see this was John D. Rockefeller and 
his first venture into the business was an order for ten vessels, a com- 
mission that was unprecedented up to the time it was given and which 
has never been equaled. This was about seven years ago, and he 
has increased his holdings in that line until fifty-six boats have been 
built for him. The Rockefeller fleet is almost a navy in itself and it 
has been the determining factor in the fixing of shipping rates from 
the first. 

The Government statistics furnish interesting reading in regard 
to Cleveland's position as a shipbuilding center. The census of 1900 
is not yet available. That of 1890, however, showed that Cleveland 
was not only the leading shipbuilding port on the lakes, but was first of 
the three great ports of the country, — Philadelphia, and Bath, Maine, 
following in the order they are set down, a lead which the past ten 
years' business has made even greater. During that period Cleveland 
built sixty-nine steel steam vessels, with a tonnage of 194,080, or 
quite a little more than a quarter of the entire tonnage of the 
country. 

In 1 900, it was again far in the lead in the manufacture of all kinds 
of vessels. It is safe to say that Cleveland owns and controls more 
than eighty per cent of the entire tonnage of the lakes and that a 
conservative estimate of its value would place it at $35,000,000. 




Lakeside Hospital. 



Hospitals and Charitable Institutions. 



• • • • • 



Cleveland's death rate of 14.55 ^^ only surpassed by three other 
cities, and yet it has more hospitals, proportionately, than any of its 
rivals. Examined closely, however, it will be seen that, aside from 
its healthful site, this lessening of the death rate is directly due to the 
multiplicity of hospitals where death is fought in the bravest manner 
and with the latest of weapons. 

The Marine Hospital, under the control of the United States 
government, is the oldest hospital in Cleveland, having been estab- 
lished fifty years ago. Next to it on Lake street is the little village 
of houses, doctors, and 
nurses which make up the 
new quarters of Lakeside 
Hospital. This is an in- 
stitution metropolitan in its 
size and equipments and 
with a modern thorough- 
ness and success in its sys- 
tem. It cost a cool half- 
million dollars, the gift of 
several wealthy Cleveland- 
ers, and it has lately been 
endowed handsomely by 
one of its trustees. Then 




St. John's Hospital. 



72 




CiTV Hospital. 



there are the Cleveland Homeopathic Hospital, St. Clair Hospital, 
the Cleveland General Hospital, St. Vincent's Hospital, St. John's 
Hospital, the German Hospital and the Evangelical. 

All these, while giving generously of their services to the poor, 
are pay institutions. Cleveland has one unique hospital over which 
she is duly proud. This is St. Alexis' which, reversing the usual rule, 
has a few pay patients, but is mainly charitable. It asks no fees and 





Jewish Orphan Asylum. 



knows no creed — Christian, Jew and Pagan are alike welcome when 
occasion for its services arises. It even shelters dumb animals, for 
the story is told of a wise dog that ran with one of the ambulances 
bringing patients there This dog broke its leg and dragged itself 
many miles to the 
doors of the hospital, 
where its cries brought 
it attention and treat- 
ment. 

The city operates a 
large hospital in con- 
nection with its other W>r .^JKM^^E^ M^b^^^^^^WKHi '^- 
charitable work, and 
the State Hospital for 
the Insane is located at 
Newburg, just across 
the city line. 

Cleveland's charita- 
ble institutions are on 
a par with its churches 
and hospitals in num- 

b e r and influence. Protestant Orphan Asylum. 




74 



They have, too, the proper attitude and approach the poor in a 
spirit of helpfulness rather than of patronage, as is too often 
the case. For that reason they have done much present good 
and have not burdened the future by pauperizing those they 
have helped. Chief among these beneficent institutions are the 
orphan asylums. The Protestant Orphan Asylum on St. Clair 
street owes much to Leonard Case, who gave the land where it 
is situated, and to J. H. Wade, Joseph Perkins and Ur. Alleyne 




House of the Good SHECHERn. 



Maynard, who built the principal buildings. The Jewish Orphan 
Asylum on Woodland avenue, near Willson, is one of the largest 
and best conducted in the United States. Many wealthy men, all 
over the country, have received their training there, and as they show 
their gratitude by constant gifts, it is as well endowed as it is famous. 
It has a magnificent building and beautiful grounds. There are three 
Catholic Orphan Asylums, all of them ready in good works. These 
are St. Vincent's, St. Joseph's and St. Mary's asvlums. Poor and 
deserving children are also looked after in City Industrial School, and 
the Jones' Home, and every summer there is in operation a most 
helpful charity, the Fresh Air Camp for Children. 

Other institutions are the House of the Good Shepherd for 
girls, the Eliza Jennings Home and the Bethel Associated Charities. 



75 




Goodrich House. 



Social Settlements. 



Right in line with this work, though not partaking of its 
eleemosynary character, are the various social settlements of the city. 
These are situated in the regions of the heaviest congestion of popu- 
lation. Goodrich House, at the corner of St. Clair and Bond streets, 
is the largest and most important. Its building, which is big and full 
of beauty, so as to educate its patrons by its mere presence, is the 
gift of Mrs. Samuel Mather, and was the first building in the United 
States to be erected for this purpose. It is in one of the most 
depraved and brazen regions of the city, but it shines there " like a 
good deed in a naughty world," and is making a brave fight to keep 
the children in line with good morals and good citizenship. 

This, too, is the spirit which controls Hiram House settlement, 
up on Orange street, where all the foreign Jews seem to gravitate the 
m_inute they come to Cleveland. Near by there, on Woodland 
avenue, is the Council Educational Alliance, a Jewish organization 
of like import, but which is not a settlement but a meeting-place. 
On Mayfield Road is another settlement, the Alta, named after 
Miss Alta Rockefeller, who gave the building where the work is 
carried on and endowed it as well. 

76 




Trinity Cathedral (Episcopal] in Course of Erection. 



Cleveland's Churches. 



Churches are indexes of material prosperity as well as spiritual 
growth. When a town waxes fat in men and money and stands high 
in the counsels of the land, it finds time to honor God who 
has blessed it. Cleveland is not backward in this respect. With 
the single exception of Brooklyn, " The City of Churches," it has a 
greater percentage of houses of worship than any other American 
city. There are temples of all sorts of faiths and have sparse or 
powerful congregations as the case mav be, but they have exercised 
an individual and collective influence for good on the morals of the 
community that cannot be overestimated. Caretully compiled 
statistics show that the ratio of crime is far lower in Cleveland than 
in any other city in the entire world having a population of 
300,000 or over. The freedom from grinding poverty for which 
Cleveland is also noted is another good which is directly traceable to 
the wide-reaching influences ol churches. 

Big and little, there are three hundred and fitty churches in 
Cleveland, among them a number which will favorably compare in 
size, architectural beauty and ecclesiastical spirit, with any in the 
land. One at least, Epworth Memorial Church, on Willson avenue 
at the corner of Prospect, has value to the religious historian, for 

77 




First Baptist Church. 



there was born, about 
a baker's dozen cf 
years ago, the Epworth 
League. This church 
will doubtless be the 
Mecca of many 
visitors. 

So far as local his- 
tory is concerned. 
Trinity parish is the 
oldest in the city, 
dating back to 1816. 
It occupies a vine- 
clad, picturesque edi- 
fice on Superior 
street, just opposite 
the City Hall, but 
it has already built 
the church house and 
chapel on its new 
grounds at the corner 
of Euclid avenue and 
Perry street, and will 
soon follow them with the cathedral proper. This, when 
completed, will be one of the most impressive sacred edifices 
in the country. It is designed on noble lines as to size and 
dignity. It will be stately but not chilling, for it is to be a 
church for all people. Old Stone Church, which was organized in 
1820, has always played an important part in Cleveland's life, 
secular as well as _ 

religious. It has 
occupied the same 
site since its organ- 
ization, and the in- 
terested reader can 
find it in its earliest 
and present shapes 
in the pictures 
comparative of 
Cleveland in differ- 
ent stages of its 
existence which 
are printed in the 
forepart of this 
book. 




The Temple (Jewish). 



78 




Epworth Memorial Church (Methodist). 

clergyman to get at a man's soul by first attendin 
The Jewish Temple on Willson avenue, 
tral avenue, has similar 
ethical aims and does 
much good work 
among the people of 
its faith and neighbor- 
hood. 

Cleveland rejoices 
in many other churches 
of beauty and prom- 
inence, equally d i s - 
tributed among the 
various faiths. The 
Roman Catholic Ca- 
thedral, at the corner 
of Superior and Erie 
streets, is an interesting 
edifice. Another 
Catholic church of 
more than local repu- 
tation is St. Michael's 
and All Angels' which 
is situated on Scranton 
avenue on the South 



A church which 
occupies a unique po- 
sition in the religious 
work of the city is 
Pilgrim Congrega- 
tional Church on 
Jennings avenue, on 
the South Side. This 
hitches up religious 
training with social 
improvement and 
pleasure and drives 
them easily. It has 
a gymnasium, library, 
rooms for social and 
literary clubs, and all 
other things which 
run along these help- 
ful and uplifting lines 
and which enable a 

g to his mind and body. 

at the corner of Cen- 




PiLGRiM Church (^Congregational). 



79 



Side. The First Baptist 
Church at the corner of 
Prospect and Kennard 
streets is an edifice of 
deHghtful architectural 
lines. Another church 
whose seating capacity is 
admirably designed is the 
Second Presbyterian 
Church, at the corner of 
Prospect street and Sterl- 
ing avenue. The Church 
of the Unity on Huron 
street is small but exceed- 
ingly attractive. This 
church is the center of 
much intellectual activity, 
probably more so than 
any other in town. One 
of the most popular 
churches in the city is the 
Plymouth, at the corner 
of Prospect and Perry streets. For the stranger who loves fine 
music, a visit to St. Paul's Church at the corner of Euclid and Case 
avenues is especially recommended. 




Church of the Immaculate Conceptic 



;r. c.) 




St. Paul's Church. 
So 




The Homes of Cleveland. 



The homes of a city are the indexes of its character, as plain and 
true and convincing as if placarded in the bravery of type on bill- 
boards where all might read. The visitor to Cleveland will need no 
further guide. His eyes will tell him as he glances over the streets 

where average, 
every-day human- 
ity houses itself, 
that this is a town 
where the homely 
virtues flourish; 
that it is solid and 
safe and conserv- 
ative. He will see, 
too, that its people 
are patriotic, for all 
other considerations 
aside, such homes 
are well worth 
fighting for. 

One characteris- 
tic which all visitors 




8i 




immediately note, is the extensive stretches of green that surround 
most of the homes. Even down in the congested regions of the city 
the huddHng of the houses has not extinguished this characteristic. 
This bit of grass about the home is an heritage. It is the survival 
of the roomy dooryard of the early days. Then, too, are the sentinel 
rows of giant trees that adorn almost all the city streets, even "down 
town," Cleveland has been as proud of her trees as a belle of her 
teeth and has lost each one with an equal pang. So strong has this 
sentiment always been that progress has often stayed its hand and 
many places will be noted throughout the city where a grand tree, 
dating back, perhaps, beyond the birth of the city, will spring from 
the very center of a much-traveled sidewalk, or will boldly encroach 
upon the paved roadway itself. 

Cleveland was once known as " The Forest City " and has far 
from forfeited that title at the present time. Indeed, it is unique in 
the land in its combination of energy and elemental charm. In be- 
coming a great city, it took loving care to preserve its earlier beauties 
of trees and flowers and sward, and it is this strange but delightful 
graft of Western push upon the sylvan charm of a New England vil- 
lage that has made Cleveland one of the most desirable residence 
cities in the United States. 

Bayard Taylor put on record that glowing sentence, which has 
ever since been the shibboleth of loyal Clevelanders, that " Euclid 
avenue is the most beautiful street in the world." When he said that, 
the " Avenue " stretched clear down to the square, an unbroken front 

82 




of handsome homes embowered in lawns as full of sheer delight as 
any England could furnish. Since then, trade has nibbled away the 
f/inge of the street, but if the interested visitor will board an east- 
bound car to Perry street, and then walk up Euclid avenue to Case 
avenue, where he can find a car again, he will acknowledge the pres- 
ent truth of Taylor's words and himself repeat them. The massive 




S3 




houses, artistic in design and solid in workmanship, may seem too 
severe at close range, but they stand far from the road on a gentle 
ridge, from which the emerald lawns sweep down to the street in 
graceful curves. These stately homes are typical to Cleveland. No 
other city has anything that equals their beauty and dignity. 




84 



Other cities give themselves over to trade and manufacture so 
largely that they force their citizens outside their borders for satisfy- 
ing homes. It is not so here. Within a rifle shot of the square, 
the very heart of the city so to speak, are streets with all the shady 
charms of a village, and a ride of thirty minutes on any of the car 
lines will fill the eye with country delights. Yet the observer w"ill be 
miles from the city limits. Let him go, for instance, to Euclid Heights, 
which has sprung into existence as an artistic residential quarter in the 
past few years, and he will see beautiful homes, the finest expression 
of architectural skill, that are almost smothered in dense groves of 
trees, with the further delight of a grand panoramic view of Cleveland 
from a particularly happy point of observation. 

His trips to the parks must surely embrace one to Edgewater, 
a short distance across the river. That seen, he should stroll out 
Lake avenue, which borders it on its western end and which has a 




similar topography. Here he will find another phase of Cleveland's 
beauty and a most distinct one. For miles are the country seats of 
nature-loving Clevelanders. Their homes are grand because they 
have been wise enough to let nature do its own adorning. Back of 
them lies Lake Erie, beautiful in all its moods, and in front they have 
the vastness, the primitive grandeur and beauty of the unbroken 
country, and yet the intimacy of the city. There are parks where 
herds of deer misi;ht hide themselves, and still the busiest part of the 
city is almost within hallooing distance. 



The Clubs of Cleveland. 




Union Club. 



Taking into 
consideration i t s 
size, wealth and 
prestige, Cleveland 
is, perhaps, less of 
a club city than 
any corresponding 
town in the coun- 
try. The reason 
is close at hand. 
It is the domestic 
f^pirit which the 
irst Clevelanders 
bequeathed to their 
successors, and, 
more especially, 
the general posses- 
sion of homes of 

exceptional beauty and character. Still, Cleveland has a fair proportion 

of these organizations and each is typical of some phase of local life. 
The Union Club is the oldest and the most exclusive. 

Membership in it is a seal of social and business prominence. The 

club is made up, chiefly, of the older element of the city, and it 

has a waiting list large 

enough to make a com- 
plete membership for 

another club. Just at 

present it is housed in 

a historic and stately 

old mansion in the very 

midst of the business 

activities of Euclid 

avenvie. This was one 

of the handsomest 

houses i n Cleveland 

and even now, with its 

grand old pillars, is an 

admirable example of 

the architecture of the 

early days. 




86 




UiMVERSII', Cl.UI 



The Century Club , ^ 
was organized ty the 
younger element o f 
business and profes- 
sional men. Its mem- 
bership is eagerly 
sought and it has a 
large waiting list. The 
Century occupies a 
most delightful eyrie 
in the New England 
building, using the en- 
tire upper floor. Its 
dining room, which is 
almost an unbroken 
stretch of glass on its 
north side, so many 
and so large are its 
windows, gives one of 
the finest views of the 
lake the city affords. 

A club that is 
characteristic of Cleve- 
land social life is the Colonial, which occupies a handsome building 
of genuine Colonial type on Euclid avenue in the " East End." 
This is a family club, given over to the entertainment of the wives 
and daughters of its members, as well as to the masculine element. 
It is the center of much of the social life of that section of the city. 

The Jewish people of Cleveland, no inconsiderable portion of 
its population and prominent in its business life, have a large and 
influential club, the Excelsior. Its members are representative of 
the best Jewish life, wealth and culture, and it stands on a par with 
the Union club in its social power and the brilliancy of its functions. 
It occupies its own handsome building on Woodland avenue, which is 
furnished in an artistic manner. 

The Tavern, like the Century, takes its members from the 
younger set but it does not come in competition with it, because of 
its location. It occupies the house, an imposing structure of brick 
and stone, which was given to Mrs. Garfield and which she occupied 
for some time. The Tavern has a large membership and a distinct 
place in the wordly life of the city. 

The University Club, whose membership is confined exclusively 
to college graduates, is an interesting institution. The clannishness 
of college life has brought to it men who are also members of other 
clubs. It is housed in most fitting quarters, the beautiful Tod 

87 




Colonial Club. 

home on Prospect street, and it has honored many distinguished men 
who have visited Cleveland. 

Social life in Cleveland does not, however, confine itself to clubs 
that are entirely within its borders. It has the Roadside Club in 
Glenville, just on the edge of the tracks of the local trotting 
association, which is extremely popular, and when it v/ishes joys of a 
still more rural nature it hies itself to the Country Club, which has 
beautiful grounds and a fine rambling house on the lake shore just 
east of the city. 

Cleveland is very proud of its Rowfant Club, an organization of 
book-lovers, which has a quaint and artistic home in an old-fashioned 
house on Prospect street, convenient of access, but still out of the 
hurly-burly of business. It was named for Rowfant, the seat of the 
late Sir Frederick Locker-Lampson, who was the possessor of the 
most famous private library in England. It is not, strictly speaking, 
a literary club, but devotes itself to the mechanical and artistic side 
of bookmaking. It dabbles in this somewhat itself, and has issued 
some two dozen books and pamphlets, each of which has been an 
exquisite specimen of artistic printing and binding. The Rowfant 
Club is wedded to the cult of candlesticks It has a collection of 
over two hundred, said to be the finest in the country, and these are 



LofC. 



solemnly lighted upon Candlemas Day when its annual meeting is 
held. Its membership is only one hundred, drawn from the best 
literary culture of the city, and while, as has been said, it concerns 
itself more with the manner of a book than its matter, with the 
cover rather than the contents, it has a number of members whose 
libraries are famous throughout the country for the rarity of their 
treasures. 

Although its home is without the borders of the city, the 
German-American Club is most assuredly a Cleveland organization. 
Its members are all resident here, and they typify that good 
citizenship which comes of the blend of German principles upon 
American liberty. It is the social center of German life in the 
summer, for its club-house, a fine frame building, is built in the heart 
of a large grove on the shores of the lake, a few miles east of 
Cleveland. It has the wealthiest and most influential Germans in 
the city among its members. The same element is behind the 
Gesangverein which takes up the social work of the German colony 
in winter, supplementing it with some excellent concerts. The 
Gesangverein, which is one of the oldest clubs in the city has just 
moved into a handsome brick club-house of its own on Willson 
avenue. This is fitted up with a large hall and stage where the 
Gesangverein concerts, delightful in their way, are given during the 
season. 




German-American Club. 
89 



Cleveland's Park System. 

• • * • • 

The park system of Cleveland, unequalled in many respects in 
this country, owes less to municipal expenditure than to individual 
generosity. Its principal parks have been the gifts of loyal and 
philanthropic citizens, quick to see the benefit, in a moral as well as 
a physical way, that these beautiful breathing spots would give to 
Cleveland, and even quicker in putting their views into practical 
form. One park, the nucleus of the system, was given in 1882, but 




the others rapidly followed the establishment of the Park Commission 
less than eight years ago. 

In thus providing for the health, and comfort and pleasure of 
their fellows, these latter-day philanthropists only followed a historical 
precedent. The first thing that the far-seeing Connecticut founders 
of Cleveland did, even before a dollar's worth of property had been 
sold, was to set aside ten acres and perpetually dedicate them to 
pubHc use as a park. This still exists as Monumental Park, popu- 
larly known as Public Square, in the heart of the city, and, sur- 
rounded by modern buildings, is a delightful oasis in a desert of 
brick, stone and mortar. For a time it stood intact against the march 
of improvement, but streets were finally cut through it and the Sol- 



go 



diers' and Sailors' Monument placed in one of its quarterings. 
Irreverent and unesthetic business has also sought to use it for 
commercial purposes in the erection of blocks and the placing there 
of the City Hall, but against this the wording of the deed stood 
firm, and so this little bit of nature nestles close to the stony marts 
of trade like the lichen in the crag. 

The present park system owes its birth to the magnificent gift 
of Wade Park to the city in 1882. This contains 83 acres and was 
the gift of the late Jeptha H. Wade, after whom it is named. One 
excellent virtue of all the Cleveland parks is that they have rare 
natural beauties which have never been sacrificed in their artistic de- 
velopment. This is particularly true of Wade Park, which has never 
grown sophisticated or lost its first sylvan charm. The statue of 
Commodore Perry is superbly placed in Wade Park, and that of 
Harvey Rice, who did so much for the public schools of the state, 
has lately been given a prominent site there. Wade Park is the 
home of the " Zoo," Up to the present time, though fairly well 
stocked with animals, it has not been adequate to Cleveland's needs 
or Cleveland's position in this respect. Just now, however, there is 
a healthful awakening in the matter, and steps are on foot that will 
make it take its place among the leading zoological gardens of the 
country. The city council has decided to spend a hberal sum of 
money in providing larger and better quarters and in procuring more 
animals, and citizens are showing their interest by making individual 
donations. 

The next great gift was that of Gordon Park in 1893 by the late 
WiUiam J. Gordon, who, like Mr. Wade, had been a prominent 
figure in local life and wished his memory to be held in remembrance 
by the Clevelanders who were to come after him. Wade Park had 
been nature's own — a tangle of trees and streams, and delicious forest 

paths — but Gordon 
Park was largely 
man's handiwork. 
It had been the 
home of Mr. Gor- 
don and his hobby. 
He was many times 
a millionaire and 
gold incalculable 
had been poured 
out for its beauti- 
fying. The best 
landscape gardeners 
of the day planned 
it, with a deft util- 




91 




ization of its native picturesque- 
ness and with a particular artistic 
emphasis of its noble sweep of 
lake front as a foil to its forests, 
bluffs and dales, until human 
endeavor could give it no further 
charm, 

A land company was the next 
great donor, and its gift of 278 
acres marks the southern limit of 
the park system. When Shaker- 
ism flourished, one of its most 
vigorous colonies had headquarters 
here and, even now, the ruins of 
some of its quaint communal 
buildings may be seen. It is here 
in Shaker Heights Park, from the 
innumerable springs that make it 
glad, that Doan Brook has its 
source, and as it meanders along 
on its seven miles' journey to 
the lake, as idle and as happy 
and as vagrant as a frolicsome boy, its valley forms one of the 
most unique parks in the country ; a park which is at once a monu- 
ment to the generosity and the artistic discernment of John D. 
Rockefeller. Part of it, Ambler Parkway, had already been pur- 
chased by the city, but Mr. Rockefeller, who wished to make his gift 
a flawless one, generously refunded to the city the many thousands 
it had already paid for the land. 

This bit of fifty-five acres is richly endowed by nature. The 
greater part of the tract is wild, with masses of rock lining the ravine. 
Tangled underbrush fills much of the space, with immense trees that 
reach almost to the level of the land above it. One of its most 
striking effects is produced by the main driveway which has been 
blasted out of the solid wall of rock, rising many feet on its eastern 
side, and which winds along the bluff", with a sheer declivity of nearly 
a hundred feet, in a manner strongly suggestive of a mountain stage 
road. On the opposite side of the ravine is another driveway, known 
as " Vinecliffe," which is as romantic and sylvan as that is bold and 
picturesque. Then comes a stretch of boulevaid which takes the 
park to Euclid avenue. 

At Wade Park, just across the street, begins the Brookway 
Division of this extensive Rockefeller Park. This stretches from 
Wade Park to Gordon Park, and it may well be doubted if more 
natural attractiveness can be found anywhere crowded into a similar 



92 



space than along the route of this drive. Not only did Mr. Rocke- 
feller give the land for this noble parkway, hut he supplemented his 
princely gift with many hundred thousands of dollars to make it all 
it should be. Much of this money has been expended in putting 
fine stone arches under St. Clair street, Superior street and Wade 
Park avenue, so that the drive might not be interrupted in its way 
from Wade Park to the lake. There is no other park in the country, 
perhaps in the world, possessing such natural varietv, and Cleveland 
is deservedly proud of it and its generous donor. 

This gift was very appropriately made on " Founder's Day " 
during the Centennial exercises of the city in 1896. 

'Phe father of Cleveland's park system saw not only the beauties 
of Doan Brook valley and the contiguous territory, but he had a 
dream of a system that would encircle the city from the lake on the 
east to the lake on the west, wedding it, as it were, with a ring of 
green, to health and happiness, and to that vague spiritual uplift 
which all honest association with nature must develop. From Shaker 
Pleights Park, this semi-circular line swung around to Garfield Park, 
in Newburghj to Brookside Park, which is just at the borders of 
Brooklyn, and then it brought up in the west at Edgewater Park on 
the lake. All this has been accomplished and the parks are worthy 
links in the verdant chain of beauty. It was proposed, moreover, 
and the dream will some time come true, to join all these parks with 
a line of boulevard, open alike to all. Part of this has already been 






~ \L 













r^. X 





93 




done, and one can drive from the lake at Gordon Park to the tiny 
imitations at Shaker Heights Park, a distance of seven miles, as the 
crow flies. And when there is money for the purpose, which will be 
in a short time, Edgewater Park will be connected with the very 
heart of the city by a boulevard which will start at the western end 
of the Superior street viaduct and lose itself in the park. This will 
make it one of the most popular parks in the system, as it is, beau- 
tiful in itself, much nearer to the congested part of the city and has 
one of the finest bathing beaches along this shore of the lake. An- 
other beautiful plan which some generous Clevelander will materialize 
some day, if the 
city does not do so, 
is a boulevard 
stretching all along 
the lake front of 
the city and join- 
ing Gordon Park 
and Edgewater 
Park in a superb 
roadway that will 
be the finishing 
touch to the beau- 
tiful system. 

One important 




94 




feature of the 
Cleveland park 
system, which will 
appeal to the ad- 
miring visitor so 
strongly that he 
should take it back 
with him and graft 
it upon his home 
organization, is 
that complete own- 
ership vested in the 
public. The parks 
are the people's 
and there are no 
petty laws to spoil their enjoyment of them. No red tape hob- 
bles their legs, and they can range over the entire territory at their 
own pleasure. Other cities, of course, have their free sections where 
games may be played, picnics held, and little children may make 
acquaintance with Mother Nature at first hand. Here, however, 
there are no mandatory and irritating signs, " Keep off the grass." 
It is nature's carpet for feet tired with the bricks of the city, and it 
wooes many thousands away from the paths. There are self-evident 
rules, of course, against the picking of flowers and wanton destruction, 
but so far no vandalism has developed, and the Cleveland idea of 
the use of parks and their genuine public ownership is certain, sooner 
or later, to spread throughout the country. 

No matter what they cost, parks are the cheapest things for 
which civic money is spent. They are regenerators. They have 
a benison far beyond the health and pleasure they give, though this 
is great and permanent. The intimacy v/ith nature which they ofler 
and encourage makes for manhood and good morals. The child 
of the crowded tenement, who would otherwise be cramped and 
distorted, will grow to purer life and better citizenship because he 
has known the green of tree and grass ; the song of birds and the 
babble of brooks, with the blue sky arching overhead. 

It can be said here, with all propriety, that Cleveland owes much 
to the late Charles H. Bulkley, the father of the parks. He had 
the eye of a prophet. He saw Cleveland's growth and its needs, 
and so laid out the svstem on its present broad lines. He gave freelv 
of his money and his influence, and devoted the greater part of his 
time to the upbuilding of the parks. Now that he is gone, the 
worth of his work grows more apparent every day, and a movement 
is on foot to erect a monument to him in one of the parks, which 
shall be the loving tribute of the entire city. 



95 



The Cities of the Dead. 






The American habit of taking the stranger within his gates for a 
stroll in the cemetery, at which superrefined foreigners sometimes see 
fit to sneer, has, like all customs, a basis of good common sense. 

Nine times out of ten, even in the 
smallest and dreariest of villages, 
the graveyard is the most pictur- 
esque spot about. It has been 
selected for its beauty on senti- 
mental grounds, for an intuitive 
knowledge of the sedative sympa- 
thy of nature teaches that sorrow 
loses some of its first fierce bitter- 
ness in picturesque surroundings. 
There is nothing more poignant 
than a lonely unkempt grave in 
bleak or barren ground. 

Despite its size, Cleveland is 
still near enough to the common 
feeling to have this trust in the 
serenity of its cemeteries and a 
vanity in their beauty. Certainly, 
its dead sleep in cities even more 
beautiful than that of their waking 
brethren. In all the varied glories 
of its parks, there is none, for 
instance, which has a greater charm, 
in a purely pictorial way, than its 
famous Lake View Cemetery. It 
lies on that marked but gentle 
ridge which skirts the southern 
hem of the city and which sci- 
entists tell us was once the edge of 
a primordial lake. From this the 
eye gets a gracious view of the 
surrounding landscape, beautiful as 
a picture and framed with the blue 
of the lake. It is this scene which 
gives the cemetery its title and 
artist surely could ask no fairer 

The Rockefeller Shaft. sight. Here are SOmC of the finCSt 




96 




The Wade Memorial. 



private monuments in 
the country and tower- 
ing above them all in 
its strength and sim- 
plicity is the wonder- 
ful monolith that 
marks the plat of the 
John D. Rockefeller 
family. This is of 
Barrie granite, the 
largest piece ever taken 
from an American 
quarry. In this ceme- 
tery is also found the 
mammoth boulder, symbolical in its rugged grandeur of the brave 
soldier who lies beneath it, General M. D. Leggett. 

Next to the Garfield Monument, which is fully described else- 
where, the great glory of Lake View Cemetery is the Wade Memo- 
rial, the marvelously beautiful mortuary chapel erected by J. H. 
Wade in honor of his grandfather, Jeptha H. Wade, the millionaire 
philanthropist who gave Wade Park to the city. There are larger 
memorials of this nature in the world, but none finer. Small as it is, 
it cost one quarter of a million dollars and its decorations are 
unequaled. The beautiful bronze gates alone cost a fortune and the 
stained glass windows are not surpassed in this country and, prob- 
ably, not in the entire world. 

It is not wise to burden a book of this nature with too much 
description of graveyards, still it would be doing the intelligent visitor 
an injustice not to direct his attention to Woodland Cemetery which, 
despite its mortuary 
gloom, is one of the 
garden spots of the 
city. After the rush 
and tension of the city, 
its calm falls on the 
soul like a blessing. 
It has the sweet peace 
of nature and of God. 
And Riverside Ceme- 
tery on the South Side, 
overlooking the Cuya- 
hoga and far away from 
its fret and fume, should 
not be overlooked by ^- 
the visitor. i m lkggett Boulder. 




97 



SEP 3 1901 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





014 573 607 9^ 



